Treatment of spinal cord injury with mesenchymal stem cells
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(2020) 10:112 Liau et al. Cell Biosci https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00475-3
Open Access
REVIEW
Treatment of spinal cord injury with mesenchymal stem cells Ling Ling Liau1, Qi Hao Looi2, Wui Chuen Chia2, Thayaalini Subramaniam3, Min Hwei Ng3 and Jia Xian Law3*
Abstract Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the damage to the spinal cord that can lead to temporary or permanent loss of function due to injury to the nerve. The SCI patients are often associated with poor quality of life. Results: This review discusses the current status of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for SCI, criteria to considering for the application of MSC therapy and novel biological therapies that can be applied together with MSCs to enhance its efficacy. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs), umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs) have been trialed for the treatment of SCI. Application of MSCs may minimize secondary injury to the spinal cord and protect the neural elements that survived the initial mechanical insult by suppressing the inflammation. Additionally, MSCs have been shown to differentiate into neuron-like cells and stimulate neural stem cell proliferation to rebuild the damaged nerve tissue. Conclusion: These characteristics are crucial for the restoration of spinal cord function upon SCI as damaged cord has limited regenerative capacity and it is also something that cannot be achieved by pharmacological and physiotherapy interventions. New biological therapies including stem cell secretome therapy, immunotherapy and scaffolds can be combined with MSC therapy to enhance its therapeutic effects. Keywords: Spinal cord injury, Stem cell therapy, Mesenchymal stem cells, Nerve regeneration Background The spinal cord connects most of the periphery nervous system to the brain and is protected by a vertebral column that is divided into multiple segments. These segments are grouped into 4 major regions, C1–C8 cervical, T1–T12 thoracic, L1–L5 lumbar and S1–S5 sacral vertebrae. Spinal nerves protruded from different segments of vertebral column innervate different body regions. The cervical nerves control the motor and sensory functions of the head, neck, shoulder, arm and hand. The thoracic nerves control the motor and sensory functions of the chest and abdominal walls. The lumbar nerves innervate *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, JalanYaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
the hip and leg and the sacral nerves supply the genitals and lower digestive tract. Within the vertebral column, the spinal cord is covered and protected by the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater) and cerebrospinal fluid (in subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater) [1–3]. Apart from serving as a conduit for the transmission of sensory input to
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