Tularemia: a re-emerging tick-borne infectious disease
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REVIEW
Tularemia: a re-emerging tick-borne infectious disease Derya Karataş Yeni 1
&
Fatih Büyük 2
&
Asma Ashraf 3
&
M. Salah ud Din Shah 4
Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 # Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2020
Abstract Tularemia is a bacterial disease of humans, wild, and domestic animals. Francisella tularensis, which is a Gram-negative coccobacillus-shaped bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia. Recently, an increase in the number of human tularemia cases has been noticed in several countries around the world. It has been reported mostly from North America, several Scandinavian countries, and certain Asian countries. The disease spreads through vectors such as mosquitoes, horseflies, deer flies, and ticks. Humans can acquire the disease through direct contact of sick animals, consumption of infected animals, drinking or direct contact of contaminated water, and inhalation of bacteria-loaded aerosols. Low infectious dose, aerosol route of infection, and its ability to induce fatal disease make it a potential agent of biological warfare. Tularemia leads to several clinical forms, such as glandular, ulceroglandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, respiratory, and typhoidal forms. The disease is diagnosed through the use of culture, serology, or molecular methods. Quinolones, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides are frequently used in the treatment of tularemia. No licensed vaccine is available in the prophylaxis of tularemia and this is need of the time and high-priority research area. This review mostly focuses on general features, importance, current status, and preventive measures of this disease. Keywords Francisella tularensis . Tularemia . Vector-borne infection
Abbreviations ASM AVMA CDC ECDC
American Society for Microbiology American Veterinary Medical Association Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control GIDEON Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network LVS Live vaccine strain M A L D I - T o FMatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS time-of-flight mass spectrometry
* Fatih Büyük [email protected] 1
Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
2
Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
3
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
MLVA TBD USA USSR
Multilocus VNTR analysis Tick-borne disease United States of America Union Soviet Socialist Republics
Introduction Francisella tularensis is a pleomorphic, Gram-negative, nonmotile, and non-spore-forming intracellular bacterium. It was isolated for the first time in Tulare county of California in 1911. Tularemia is also known as Pahvant Valley plague, rabbit fever, deer fly fever, and Ohara’s fever. The causative organism of tularemia has been isolated from man and a wide range of animal species includin
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