Two lineages of the invasive New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum spreading in the Baltic and Black sea basins:
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Two lineages of the invasive New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum spreading in the Baltic and Black sea basins: low genetic diversity and different salinity preferences Rokas Butkus . Laima Baltru¯nait_e . Ke˛stutis Arbacˇiauskas . Asta Audzijonyt_e
Received: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum is one of most widespread invasive species worldwide. Two phenotypically diverse but genetically mostly uniform clones have been reported in Europe, typically occuring allopatrically. It has been suggested that salinity may determine distributions of the two lineages in Europe, but the hypothesis remains speculative. The snail has recently expanded its distribution area into Central European lakes, but the clonal affinity and ecological tolerances of the species have not yet been assessed. In this study, we use mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to explore the diversity of P. antipodarum in 19 locations in Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and Finland. We first confirm congruence between the independently reported mitochondrial and nuclear lineages, now Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02340-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. R. Butkus (&) Marine Research Institute, Klaip_eda University, Herkaus Manto Str. 84, 92294 Klaip_eda, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected] L. Baltru¯nait_e K. Arbacˇiauskas A. Audzijonyt_e Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania K. Arbacˇiauskas Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Saul_etekio al. 7, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
called multi-locus lineages T and Z. Both lineages were found in the studied area, and, in agreement with earlier studies, both showed extremely low genetic diversity. Only lineage T occured in freshwater ecosystems in Central Europe, whereas only lineage Z was found in brackish waters of the Black Sea basin. Both lineages occur in the Baltic Sea, although mostly allopatrically. It could be expected that the lineage T will expand its distribution area in the Central European freshwater ecosystems, but further studies are needed to understand the origins and occurrence of the lineage Z in the Baltic Sea and southern Ukraine. Keywords Cytochrome b 16S rRNA Multilocus microsatellites mtDNA Lakes Fresh and brackish water
Introduction The New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum Gray, 1843) (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae) is a small sized (up to 6 mm in an invasive range and up to 12 mm in its native range) aquatic snail native to New Zealand (Zaranko et al. 1997; Levri et al. 2007). It is one of the most widespread aquatic invasive species worldwide, and currently occurs in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems across five continents (Ponder 1988; Habe 1990; Bowler 1991; Hamada et al. 2013; Collado 2014). It is believed that
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