Unsupervised learning techniques in groundwater quality assessment of Mewat region, Haryana, India
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(2020) 6:118
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Unsupervised learning techniques in groundwater quality assessment of Mewat region, Haryana, India Smita Sood1 · Priyanka Sharma1 Received: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Unsupervised learning techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) were applied to the groundwater data of Mewat region (Haryana, India) collected in the pre monsoon season to identify the geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry. Thirteen physicochemical parameters were analyzed and were found to be above the permissible limits. The order of cation and anion concentration were found to be N a+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and 2− − − 2− − + − Cl > NO3 > SO4 > HCO3 > CO3 . The dominance of N a and C l in groundwater chemistry showed the salinity factor in the groundwater. PCA applied to the data set reduced the dimensionality to four significant factors accounting 76.66% of the total variance in the data set. The first factor can be assigned to alkalinity which originates due to the dissolution of geological minerals into the groundwater, second factor is assigned to salinity (due to salt water intrusion) and hardness which is caused by weathering of sedimentary rocks and calcium bearing minerals and other factors originate as a result of industrial wastes, domestic wastes and wastes from agricultural activities. CA classified 30 sampling sites into three clusters with relatively low salinity region, high salinity and very high salinity regions based on similar water quality characteristics. Keywords Cluster analysis · Global positioning system · Groundwater quality · Pearson correlation coefficient · Principal component analysis · Salinity
Introduction Background Groundwater is an especially important natural resource and has a significant role in the economy. It is an important source of water for drinking, agriculture, and the industrial sector. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to water scarcity in many parts of the world. India uses the greatest volume of water for irrigation as compared to any other nation, ~ 53% of which is groundwater (Foster and Chilton 2003). Furthermore, ~ 80% of the domestic water used in rural India comes from groundwater (Foster and Chilton 2003). Shallow * Smita Sood [email protected] Priyanka Sharma [email protected] 1
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna, India
groundwater aquifers tend to be naturally fresh due to their relatively rapid turnover rate (Van Wert and Van der Gun 2012), but in various states across India, brackish groundwater use accounts for between 30 and 84% of groundwater usage (Minhas 1999). Indeed, groundwater salinization in surficial aquifers is a problem in India (Singh 2000, 2010). Salinization of groundwater resources can lead to lowered land productivity and biodiversity, and, if left uncheck
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