Urinary Metabolomics and Biochemical Analysis of Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ficus deltoidea Jack Varieties in Streptozo
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Urinary Metabolomics and Biochemical Analysis of Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ficus deltoidea Jack Varieties in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide–Induced Diabetic Rats Halimatul Saadiah Mohammad Noor 1,2 & Nor Hadiani Ismail 1 & Noraini Kasim 1 & Ahmed Mediani 1 & Rozaini Mohd Zohdi 1 & Abdul Manaf Ali 3 & Nashriyah Mat 3 & Nabil Ali Al-Mekhlafi 1,4 Received: 25 November 2019 / Accepted: 12 March 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Patients are turning into herbs for the management of diabetes, which cause increasing in the demand of plant-based alternative medicines. Ficus deltoidea or locally known as “Mas Cotek” in Malaysia is a famous herbal plant. However, many varieties of F. deltoidea existed with varied antidiabetic activities inspire us to evaluate in vivo antidiabetic activity of the most available varieties of F. deltoidea. Therefore, antihyperglycemic effect of different varieties of F. deltoidea at dose 250 mg/kg was evaluated on streptozotocin-nicotinamide–induced diabetic rats and further assessed their urinary metabolites using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The hyperglycemic blood level improved towards normoglycemic state after 30 days of treatment with standardized extracts of F. deltoidea var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, and var. intermedia. The extracts also significantly managed the biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Metabolomics results showed these varieties were able to manage the altered metabolites of diabetic rats by shifting some of the metabolites back to their normal state. This knowledge might be very important in suggesting the use of these herbs in long-term treatment for diabetes. The most potential variety can be recommended, which may be useful for further pharmacological studies and herbal authentication processes. Keywords Diabetes . Ficus deltoidea varieties . Antihyperglycemic . Urine metabolomics . Metabolic pathway
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-02003304-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Nor Hadiani Ismail [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a looming health issue and critical lifelong disease, which shows rapid prevalence every year. Globally, 90–95% of diabetic cases have type 2 DM [1]. Thus, this type is the concern of most researchers. It is a chronic disease causing serious socioeconomic problems. Its pathogenesis involves the progressive development of insulin resistance in liver and peripheral tissues accompanied by a defective insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells leading to overt hyperglycemia [2]. Despite genetic predisposition, the risks of developing type 2 DM in human increase with age, obesity, cardiovascular disease (hypertension and dyslipidaemia), and a lack of physical activities [3]. In diabetic studies, several approaches have been use
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