(Vapor + Liquid) Equilibrium (VLE) for Binary Lead-Antimony System in Vacuum Distillation: New Data and Modeling Using N
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RECYCLING and separation of waste Pb-Sb alloys produced from Pb and Sb smelteries and recycled from various industries have become an imperative for the smelteries around the world due to the rapid reduction of natural resources, the increasing demand for Pb and Sb, and the severe environmental contamination. Vacuum distillation is considered as one of the most effective and environmental-friendly methods for metal recycling and separation,[1–4] which has many advantages, e.g., lower energy consumption, environment friendliness, etc. Moreover, it can eliminate the disadvantages of traditional metallurgical processes and produce new products to meet the needs of the development of high technology.[5] The knowledge of VLE is essential for the technical design and realization of recycling and separation
JUNJIE XU, SHUAI XU, and YUEZHEN ZHOU, Masters, LINGXIN KONG, Ph.D. Graduate, BAOQIANG XU and DACHUN LIU, Professors, YANJUN YOU, Postgraduate, and YIFU LI, Lecturer, are with the National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P.R. China, and also with Key Laboratory of Non-ferrous Metals Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] BIN YANG, Professor, is with the National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, also with Key Laboratory of Non-ferrous Metals Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, and also with Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China. Manuscript submitted January 25, 2016. Article published online July 8, 2016 4494—VOLUME 47A, SEPTEMBER 2016
processes. For process control, the compositions of liquid and vapor phases and moreover their dependence of temperature and pressure are yet to be known. VLE has been widely studied and successfully used in the field of chemical engineering to design the experimental processes and to quantitatively predict the distribution of components of organics during distillation.[6–8] However, due to the high expenditure, high challenges (e.g., high temperature and low pressure), and time-consuming process of experiments, the database of VLE for alloy systems is very rare. Fortunately, model prediction is an effective and convenient method to determine thermodynamic properties of alloys, especially for multicomponent alloy systems. The NRTL model was derived from the local composition concepts of Wilson and two-liquid solution theory of Scott,[9] which has obtained an excellent predictive effect.[10–15] Above all, it is able to predict the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent systems using only the related binary parameters. The NRTL model, therefore, was selected to model the VLE phase diagrams including T-x and P-x diagrams of Pb-Sb alloy in vacuum condition. However, the authors did not find any VLE data in the literature to compare with the results of the NRTL model. As a result, new experimental VLE data for Pb-Sb alloy system were determined firstly. The new measured data are then
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