Viability and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to Butanedione monoxime
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Viability and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to Butanedione monoxime Sara Bajelan1 • Mohammad Saleh Bahreini1 • Qasem Asgari1
•
Fattaneh Mikaeili1
Received: 4 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract The most important pathogenesis factor in the Apicomplexa parasites is invasion to the host cell. Given the inhibitory role of Butanedione Monoxime (BDM) on myosin–actin interaction, this study aimed to investigate the effects of this molecule on the vitality and infectivity of Toxoplasma tachyzoites in order to provide a new option for vaccine development. The tachyzoites of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii were exposed to different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 lg/mL) of BDM, and mortality effect was assessed by flow cytometry. Then, the penetration ability of the tachyzoites was investigated in HeLa and macrophage cell lines. The infectivity of exposed tachyzoites to BDM were also investigated in mice through following up and detecting the etiological factor. The highest percentage of mortality (72.69%) was seen in the tachyzoites exposed to 128 lg/mL of the compound. The tachyzoites exposed to 32, 64, and 128 lg/ mL of BDM began the proliferation in HeLa cells after 48 h, while this proliferation was initiated within 24 h in macrophage cells. All the mice inoculated with the BDMtreated tachyzoites died after 13 days. The mean survival time of the mice receiving tachyzoites exposed to 128 lg/ mL of BDM was 12.4 days, which was significantly different from the negative control group (p = 0.001). BDM, as the inhibitor of myosin–actin interaction, and other substances that block the entry of parasites into cells may be suitable candidates for vaccine production against
& Qasem Asgari [email protected] 1
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Toxoplasma. Yet, future studies are required to be conducted on the issue. Keywords Toxoplasma gondii Infectivity Butanedione monoxime Cell culture Abbreviations LAV Live attenuated vaccines BDM Butanedione monoxime PBS Phosphate buffered saline FCS Fetal calf serum PMN Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
Introduction Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, has been considered to be one of the most common parasitic infections among warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. Based on serological findings, one-third of adult populations have been estimated to be infected with this parasite worldwide (Hill and Dubey 2018; Zhou et al. 2011). Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women precisely clarifies medical importance. In the first time of infection in pregnant women, the parasite may pass through the placenta, infect the fetus, and result in congenital abnormalities in the central nervous system and eyes and abortion in some cases (Arefkhah et al. 2019b). In addition, chronic or acute Toxoplasma infections in immunocompromised patients, without therapy, may cause life-threatening cons
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