Viral dominance of reassortants between canine influenza H3N2 and pandemic (2009) H1N1 viruses from a naturally co-infec
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Viral dominance of reassortants between canine influenza H3N2 and pandemic (2009) H1N1 viruses from a naturally co-infected dog Woonsung Na1†, Kwang-Soo Lyoo2†, Eun-jung Song3, Minki Hong1, Minjoo Yeom3, Hyoungjoon Moon4, Bo-Kyu Kang4, Doo-Jin Kim1, Jeong-Ki Kim3* and Daesub Song3*
Abstract Background: Since avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) was first identified in South Korea in 2008, the novel influenza virus has been reported in several countries in Asia. Reverse zoonotic transmission of pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus (pH1N1) has been observed in a broad range of animal species. Viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study. Findings: Here we describe the viral dominance of 23 CIV reassortants between pH1N1 and canine H3N2 influenza viruses from a naturally co-infected dog. These results indicate that the M gene of pandemic H1N1 and the HA gene of canine H3N2 are predominant in the reassortants. Furthermore, unlike the original canine H3N2 virus, some reassortants showed high pathogenicity in mice. Conclusions: This study suggests that continuous monitoring of influenza infection in companion animals may be necessary to investigate the potential of the emergence of novel influenza viruses. Keywords: Influenza virus, Canine H3N2, Pandemic H1N1, Genetic dominance, Reassortment
Findings Outbreaks of the infections caused by canine H3N2 (cH3N2) virus of avian origin, which causes severe respiratory symptoms in dog populations, have been continuously reported in South Korea, China, and Thailand since 2007, and inter–mammalian species transmission (dog to cat) has also been reported [1–4]. In August 2010, the World Health Organization announced that pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) had moved into the post-pandemic period, although localized outbreaks of various magnitudes continue to occur. In particular, pH1N1 has been transmitted from humans to several animal species (termed “reverse zoonoses”), and many novel reassortant viruses have been generated [5–9]. Although most cases of reverse zoonoses have been reported in the pig population, the primary companion animals could be co-infected with pH1N1 and cH3N2 viruses due to their ecophysiological characteristics * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Equal contributors 3 Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
(synanthropicity). In this study, we isolated 23 distinct viral genotypes of influenza reassortants by using a nasal swab of a co-infected dog and characterized the genotypes of the reassortants. From 2010 to 2012 in South Korea, we collected 213 nasal swabs from sick dogs showing clinical respiratory signs and tested the presence of canine influenza virus (CIV). Mixed infection with cH3N2 and pH1N1 influenza subtypes was confirmed in an individual dog (a swab specimen) using a commercial real-time reverse transcription– pol
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