Zein-Based Materials: Effect of Nanocarbon Inclusion and Potential Applications
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Zein-Based Materials: Effect of Nanocarbon Inclusion and Potential Applications Tatianna Marshall1 · Andrew Gravelle2 · Thamara Laredo3 · Arturo Rodriguez‑Uribe1 · Manjusri Misra1 · Amar Mohanti1 · Alejandro G. Marangoni2 · Loong‑Tak Lim2 · Erica Pensini1 Accepted: 28 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Zein-based materials were produced by dissolving zein water at pH 13, and subsequently congealing it with C aCl2. Biocarbon particles were produced with miscanthus biomass by pyrolization at 650 °C (M-L) and at 900 °C (M-H), followed by ball-milling. Increasing the pyrolization temperature caused the disappearance of functional groups on the particle surface and increased their hydrophobicity of the particles (as shown through Attenuated Total Reflection- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR and by the preferential partitioning on the particles in toluene rather than water). Therefore, hydrophobic interactions were likely stronger between zein and M-H particles, than between zein and M-L particles. Measurements conducted using a zeta sizer showed that aggregates of zein and M-L particles were > 1 µm, and aggregates of zein and M-H particles were G″ ≅ 5.7 × 104 Pa with M-H and G′ ≅ 4.3 × 104 Pa and G″ ≅ 4.6 × 104 Pa without zein). M-H particles also increased the tensile strength of zein materials, potentially improving their usefulness as bioplastics. M-L particles increased the viscoelastic moduli of zein (G′ ≅ 6.7 × 104 Pa and G″ ≅ 7.3 × 104 Pa), but did not render the material elastic (i.e. G′ was not greater than G″). Moreover, M-L particles stiffened zein at small elongational deformations, but rendered it brittle at larger deformations. M-H particles greatly reduced the permeability of zein barriers injected in sandy media, which can be for instance used to prevent the migration of subsurface contaminants. Flow reduction was 90% with zein and M-H, whereas it was 64% with zein only and 68% with zein and M-L particles and zein.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01908-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Erica Pensini [email protected] 1
School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
2
Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
3
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Mining & Exploration, Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, 500 University Ave, Orillia, ON L3V 0B9, Canada
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Polymers and the Environment
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Zein · Biomaterials · Carbon particles · Remediation
Introduction Biobased materials have been proposed for diverse applications, including packaging, biomedical applications [1–4], agricultural uses [5, 6], pollutant sorption and water purification [7–10], and remediation of groundwater contaminants [11–15]. This is because
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