ZrO 2 coating via e-beam evaporation on PE separators for lithium-ion batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
ZrO2 coating via e-beam evaporation on PE separators for lithium-ion batteries D. Sivlin 1 & F. Unal 2 & B. D. Karahan 3 & K. Kazmanli 1 & O. Keles 1 Received: 6 June 2020 / Revised: 4 November 2020 / Accepted: 14 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, ZrO2 is deposited on a polyethylene-based separator via electron beam evaporation method. The analyses reveal that the application of the ceramic-based coating enhances the electrolyte uptake capability from 79 to 135% and the ionic conductivity from 7.1 × 10−4 to 7.5 × 10−4 S/cm. Linear sweep voltammetry tests show the superior electrochemical stability in the coated separator up to 5.5 V. This study shows that with the thin ZrO2 coating, the separator maintains its structure plus the existence of ZrO2 has an essential impact on electrolyte decomposition, SEI layer formation, and safety of the separator. Keywords E-beam evaporation, . Lithium-ion battery . Separator . ZrO2 coating
Introduction Transportation sector generates the largest share of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission [1]. In 2018, carbon dioxide emission caused by transportation sector reached to 1097 million metric tons only in Europe [2]. Dissemination of electric and hybrid vehicles’ (EV and HEV’s) use is proposed to decrease both petroleum dependence of nations and the greenhouse effect [3]. In this regard, compared to other energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries stand forward due to their design flexibility, high volumetric, and gravimetric energy densities [4, 5]. In order to replace current gasoline cars with electric vehicles, batteries must ensure high energy density for both long driving distance with a single charge and rapid energy storage/release [6]. Therefore, researchers make major efforts to improve the electrode properties to obtain high specific capacity. In anode side, graphite anode cannot meet the requirements because of its low specific capacity (372 mAh/g). Silicon and tin stand forward as an alternative anode material due to their high * O. Keles [email protected] 1
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Maslak, Turkey
2
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Hitit University, 19030 Corum, Turkey
3
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Beykoz, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
theoretical capacity (4200 mA/h, 994 mAh/g Li vs Li+, respectively), nonetheless their high-volume expansion during lithium intercalation/deintercalation prevents their usage in electric vehicles [7, 8]. These days, anode investigations mainly focus on the oxide materials. Especially, lithium vanadates (LixVyOz) are under spotlight due to their low cost, high specific capacity, crystal structure, and lesser volume expansion compared to silicon and tin [9]. The evolution of the cathode materials began with the commercialization of LiCoO2, yet low practical capacity, high price, and toxicity of
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