Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lignins from Different Sources and Isolation Methods for an Application as a Bi
Lignins in general have been extensively studied, though the relation between source, isolation method and application is rarely described. In the present work, lignin from different sources (wheat straw and beech wood) and isolation methods (steam explos
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Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lignins from Different Sources and Isolation Methods for an Application as a Biobased Chemical Resource and Polymeric Material Basma El Khaldi-Hansen, Margit Schulze, and Birgit Kamm
Abstract Lignins in general have been extensively studied, though the relation between source, isolation method and application is rarely described. In the present work, lignin from different sources (wheat straw and beech wood) and isolation methods (steam explosion, Organosolv) has been characterized regarding their application as a chemical resource and polymeric material. A range of analytical methods were applied including elemental analysis, FT-IR, 31P NMR, SEC, Py-GC-MS and HPLC to gain information about establish the purity, structure, molecular weight, thermal behavior and to determine carbohydrate residues according to the NREL protocol. TGA and DSC were used to study the thermal behavior of the isolated lignins and showed relatively low glass transition temperatures around 120 °C and decomposition temperatures between 340 and 380 °C. NREL analysis presented a carbohydrate-free lignin fraction derived from beech wood via Organosolv process which has not been achieved to date. The finding of this work supports Organolsolv as an efficient method to isolate pure lignin fractions from beech wood with practical value in industry, in particular for application in polyurethanes and phenolic resins. Keywords Lignin • Organosolv process • Beech wood • Analytics • Chemical resource • Biobased polymeric material
Dedicated to Michael Kamm, Founder of biorefinery.de GmbH. B. El Khaldi-Hansen • B. Kamm (*) Research Institute Bioactive Polymer Systems and BTU Cottbus, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Berlin-Teltow, Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Schulze Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Vaz Jr. (ed.), Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41414-0_2
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Introduction and Research Question
The application and use of renewable raw materials for the production of base and fine chemicals is becoming increasingly significant. Although the petroleum prices plunged in 2014, the more significant need is to reduce the vast CO2 emissions which are responsible for global warming (Hoglund 2015). The use and/or processing of fossil-based raw materials must be reduced. This can only happen by substituting fossil fuels with alternative energy sources such as rapeseed oil, bioethanol or wind energy. Another means of reducing CO2 emissions is the production of energy and of base and fine chemicals from renewable raw materials such as biomass that contains lignocellulose (Kamm et al. 2006) Obtaining chemicals used industrially from renewable raw materials would lessen dependency on crude oil. Interest in researching lignocellulose-containing biomass has greatly increased in the last decade, since it definitely ha
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