Quantification of Deaths and DALYs Due to Chronic Exposure to Arsenic in Groundwaters Utilized for Drinking, Cooking and
Groundwaters with arsenic concentrations higher than the WHO provisional guide value of 10 μg/L are found in many parts of the world. Widespread utilization of these groundwaters for drinking, irrigation of food crops and cooking over the past few decade
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
2 Health Impacts of Chronic Arsenic Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 2.1 Nature of Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 2.2 Magnitude of Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 3
Arsenic Hazard in Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
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Exposure Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
5 Dose–Response Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 5.1 Incidence Rates and Prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 5.2 Mortality Rates and SMRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 6 Deterministic and Probabilistic Risk Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 6.1 Reasons and Basis for Assessment of Risk Arising from Environmental Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 6.2 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Assessment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 6.3 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Arsenic-Induced Deaths and DALYs in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 7
Remediation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
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Relative Magnitude of Arsenic-Related and Water-Borne Pathogen Related Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Summary Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
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Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2010 (USA)
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Quantification of Deaths and DALYs due to Chronic Exposure
Abstract: > Groundwaters with arsenic concentrations higher than the WHO provisional guide value of 10 mg/L are found in many parts of the world. Widespread utilization of these groundwaters for drinking, irrigation of food crops and cooking over the past few decades has resulted in chronic exposure to tens of millions of people, annual excess deaths of the order of thousands and annual DALYs of
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