Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food
Arsenic contamination poses a major environmental problem, especially in Southeast Asian countries like Bangladesh and India. Threatening the health of millions of people due to arsenic’s toxicity and carcinogenicity, the major routes of arsenic exposure
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Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food
Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food
Sudhakar Srivastava Editor
Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food
Editor Sudhakar Srivastava Plant Stress Biology Laboratory Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
ISBN 978-981-13-8586-5 ISBN 978-981-13-8587-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
The contamination of metalloid arsenic (As) is of global concern. It has been well recognized that intake of arsenic by humans leads to carcinogenesis. In nature, arsenic is present in various inorganic and organic forms. Trivalent arsenite (AsIII) and pentavalent arsenate (AsV) are the two major inorganic arsenic species. Out of these, AsIII is more toxic than AsV. Under oxidized conditions, AsV has a high affinity for iron oxyhydroxides and manganese oxides, which makes it relatively immobile in soil. The AsIII has a lower affinity for these solid phases, making it more mobile. The major route of As contamination for humans is either through drinking water or via food, mainly rice, contaminated with arsenic. Arsenic contamination issue is most severe in Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, etc., and the major factor recognized in these countries is natural biogeochemical processes. In other regions of the world, arsenic contamination is mainly attributable to historical uses as pesticides, herbicides, and other industrial applications. More than 100 million people living in 23 countries are exposed to arsenic tox
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