Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population Tasawar Ali Chandio 1 & Muhammad Nasiruddin Khan 2 & Maria Taj Muhammad 2 & Ozcan Yalcinkaya 1 & Agha Arslan Wasim 2 & Ahmet Furkan Kayis 1 Received: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Contamination of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water reservoirs is a serious health issue in the Sibi district, Balochistan, Pakistan. The contamination has already been affecting a large population of the district. Dental fluorosis and dermatitis are the most common reported illnesses in the area. This study focused on the evaluation of the root causes and pathway by which it reached to the body. Questioner analysis, simple examination, and pictorial representation were used to study the prevalence of diseases caused by As and F. People of the Sibi district were found to consume both surface and groundwater, which were highly contaminated with arsenic and fluoride. The saturation index, ranging from 1 to 7, showed high enrichment of contaminants in both types of water. Geochemical calculations and the sodium absorption ratio were evaluated. High values of the saturation index of different salts showed high saturation of salts in water. The principal component analysis grouped the data into three clusters, showing that the surface water has no resemblance with the control water. High degree of contamination was observed for most of the samples, whereas, some samples of ground water were closed to the control group; a group of samples within WHO limits. The correlation studies and other calculations also revealed that the F and As reached lethal limits in the drinking water and thus caused severe health damage to the local area population. The diseases found in the area are fluorosis, keratosis, dermatitis, and melanosis. Keywords : Arsenic . Fluoride . Health problems . Ground and surface water . PCA . Saturation index
Introduction There are various natural and anthropogenic sources of the enrichment of toxic ions in both surface and ground water reservoirs. Ions, like arsenic, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, manganese, iron, selenium, and chloride, radioactive materials, and heavy metals have severe effects on the quality of water, which in turn produces serious health consequences. Among the above-listed pollutants, arsenic and fluoride are the most hazardous ground water pollutants. The health of humans and Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Ozcan Yalcinkaya [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
livestock is at high risk in the presence of elevated level of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) in the soil, water, and crop. Fluoride is essential for the teeth health; however, the required concentration is too low. Drinking water is the biggest contributor to excess F− exposure mainly b
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