Quantification of nitrate content with FT-NIR technique in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) variety types: a statistical app
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Quantification of nitrate content with FT-NIR technique in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) variety types: a statistical approach Ildiko´ Fruzsina Boros1,2 • La´szlo´ Sipos2 • Noe´mi Kappel1 • La´szlo´ Csambalik3 Marietta Fodor4
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Revised: 23 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 April 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract According to the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1258/2011, the maximum allowed nitrate content of lettuce is defined within a broad range (2000–5000 mg NO3/kg), depending on harvest season and technology. This study focuses on the identification of the differences in nitrate accumulation between lettuce types and varieties, depending on production technology and on the investigation of the application of non-destructive FT-NIR spectroscopy for nitrate quantification, towards widely used UV–Vis spectroscopy. In the present study, combinations of seasons and technologies (spring 9 greenhouse, autumn 9 open field) were employed for the production of types (batavia, butterhead, lollo and oak leaf; both red and green colored); a total of 266 lettuce heads were analyzed. It was found that with standardized technology and conditions, autumn harvested green oak leaf lettuce types accumulated Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04442-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & La´szlo´ Sipos [email protected] 1
Department of Vegetable and Mushroom Growing, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent Istva´n University, 29-43 Villa´nyi u´t, Budapest 1118, Hungary
2
Department of Postharvest Sciences and Sensory Evaluation, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istva´n University, 29-43 Villa´nyi u´t, Budapest 1118, Hungary
3
Department of Ecological and Sustainable Production Systems, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent Istva´n University, 29-43 Villa´nyi u´t, Budapest 1118, Hungary
4
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istva´n University, 29-43 Villa´nyi u´t, Budapest 1118, Hungary
significantly less nitrate, than red oak or lollo leaf types. With spring harvested lettuces, batavia types generally accumulated generally more nitrates than butterhead types. Based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of FT-NIR measurements the four distinct variety types diverge; the lollo type explicitly diverges from batavia and butterhead types. The LDA further revealed, that within lollo and oak leaf variety types, red and green leaved varieties diverge as well. A model was successfully built for the FT-NIR quantification of the nitrate content of lettuce samples (R2 = 0.95; RMSEE = 74.4 mg/kg fresh weight; Q2 = 0.90; RMSECV = 99.4 mg/kg fresh weight). The developed model is capable of the execution of a fast and non-invasive measurement; the method is suitable for the routine measurement of nitrate content in lettuce. Keywords Lettuce type Nitrate content PCA LDA NIR PLS
Introduction The statistics of the World Health Organization and the results of international st
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