Quantification of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Water
This chapter discusses the main reasons for viewing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) as emerging contaminants. Their access routes into the environment are specified, in particular into natural and wastewater, and current evidence about their
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1 Introduction 2 NSAIDs as Emerging Pollutants 2.1 NSAIDs Access Routes to the Environment 2.2 Toxic Effects of NSAIDs at Low Concentrations 3 Analytical Determination of NSAIDs in Waters of Different Origin 3.1 Main NSAIDs Found in Bodies of Water 3.2 General Methodology 4 Conclusions References
Abstract This chapter discusses the main reasons for viewing non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAIDs) as emerging contaminants. Their access routes into the environment are specified, in particular into natural and wastewater, and current evidence about their possible toxic effects is described. Mention is made of the most commonly used methods for routine determination from sampling to final quantification of NSAIDs in water samples of diverse origins. The most important aspects of sampling, extraction, and concentration, including microextraction methods, are
K. Isaac-Olivé (*), N. Ramírez-Durán, E. Morales-Avila, L. Aranda-Lara, and P. Moreno-Pérez Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] E. Olivé-Alvarez Centro de Isótopos, La Habana, Cuba A. E. Navarro-Frómeta Universidad Tecnológica de Izúcar de Matamoros, Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico H. Sandoval-Trujillo Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_543, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. Isaac-Olivé et al.
detailed. The methods most commonly used in separation, identification, and quantification of NSAIDs in water are described. These methods include, in particular, gas and liquid chromatography systems and capillary electrophoresis that are coupled to different detectors. It was concluded that it is necessary to develop new methodologies that allow continuous monitoring at even lower costs than presently available. Keywords Chromatographic methods, MS and MS/MS spectrometric detectors, Natural and wastewater, NSAIDs analysis
1 Introduction Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a heterogeneous group of medications with different chemical structures but with similar effects. These drugs are recommended to relieve fever and pain associated with colds, influenza, and arthritis [1]. They constitute the first therapeutic step in the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic scale [2], which is why they are the most used medications in veterinary and human medicine [3–5]. NSAIDs have become emerging pollutants in natural and wastewater [3–7] in very varied concentrations depending on the number of inhabitants of the localities and the activities carried out therein. In most cases, they are not completely eliminated in conventional treatment plants [4, 6, 8], so they accumulate in bodies of water at very low concentrations, but over time, they can accumulate in the environment and become harmful to human and animal health. Such concentrations require sensitive analytical methods with low detection lim
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