Quantification of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human urine by single-particle ICP-MS
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RESEARCH PAPER
Quantification of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human urine by single-particle ICP-MS Samantha Salou 1,2 & Dominic Larivière 1
&
Ciprian-Mihai Cirtiu 2 & Normand Fleury 2
Received: 22 July 2020 / Revised: 12 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The increasing use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in daily use consumer products such as cosmetics, personal care products, food additives, and even medicine has led to growing concerns regarding human safety. It would be ideal to track exposure to this emerging nanopollutant, for example through bioassays, however, so far nanoparticle assessment in biological matrices such as urine remains challenging. The lack of data is mainly due to the limitations of the current metrology, but also to the low expected concentration in human samples. In this study, a quantification method for titanium dioxide nanoparticles in urine has been developed and validated following the ISO/CEI 17025:2017 guidelines. The detection limit for titanium dioxide nanoparticle mass concentration by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) was 0.05 ng mL−1. The particle size limit was determined using three different approaches, with the highest calculated limit value approaching 50 nm. Repeatability and reproducibility of 14% and 18% respectively were achieved for particle mass concentration, and 6% for both parameters for particle size determination. Method trueness and recovery were 98% and 84%, respectively. Keywords Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) . Human urine . Method validation . Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Introduction The development of nanoscience has revolutionised many scientific fields, resulting in the widespread use of nanomaterials in consumer products. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is among the most used nanomaterials [1–3]. It is found in personal care products, cosmetics, paint, pharmaceuticals, and food (as whitening agent E171). Considering its prevalence and evergrowing uses in consumer products, concerns regarding its potential toxic effects on humans have increased within the scientific community [2, 4]. Human exposure to nanoparticles
* Dominic Larivière [email protected] * Ciprian-Mihai Cirtiu [email protected] 1
Chemistry Department, Université Laval, 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
2
Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
(NPs) can occur via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption [4]. Due to their nanometric scale, TiO2 NPs can cross biological barriers to reach the systemic system, be biodistributed and bioaccumulated in various organs or excreted in urine, bile, or faeces [3]. Several in vitro and in vivo studies on animals have confirmed that TiO2 NPs can have toxic effects, such as generating inflammatory responses and reactive oxygen species, alter cell cycle
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