The Influence of Bovine Serum Albumin Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Myoblast Cytotoxicity
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, Vol. 54, No. 9, December, 2020 (Russian Original Vol. 54, No. 9, September, 2020)
THE INFLUENCE OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MODIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON MYOBLAST CYTOTOXICITY Wendy Phoswa,1 Preenan Pillay,2,3 Ajit Kumar,4 Kogi Moodley,1 and Irene Mackraj5,* Original article submitted November 1, 2019. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are utilised as a key constituent in many biopharmaceuticals and food products. This is mainly attributed to their favorable chemical properties which enhance their biocompatibility. However, alteration of the physicochemical properties in various matrices remains unexplored. The present study aims to determine if TiO2NPs modified by bovine serum albumin (BSA) have the ability to influence cytotoxicity in C2C12 myoblast cells. The physicochemical properties of TiO2NPs were altered using BSA in a concentration range of 0.3 – 1.5 mg/mL and characterised using nanoparticle (NP) tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that cytotoxicity is enhanced at a BSA concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, which agrees with reduced particle agglomeration and favorable zeta potential. This proves that the state of TiO2NPs agglomeration directly affects cytotoxicity which can be due to internalization of the smaller nanoparticle (NP) aggregates. These findings suggest that in vitro cytotoxicity assays incorporate the physicochemical characteristics of NPs in relation to the specific cell model used and colloidal state of the substance being tested. Keywords: titanium dioxide nanoparticles; bovine serum albumin; cytotoxicity; C2C12 myoblast cells.
state of agglomeration substantially change their physicochemical properties [7 – 9] can further lead to improved industrial, environmental and biomedical applications [10]. Therefore, studies characterising the physicochemical state of TiO2NPs and assessing how these parameters impact on cytotoxicity is of critical importance for their responsible and sustainable use. These studies can provide a foundation for engineering the next generation of nontoxic nanomaterials, which will have the ability to effectively and safely target diseased cells [11]. Agglomeration influences the cytotoxicity of NPs [12 – 14] by altering the mechanism of their entry into the cell [15 – 19]. It has been previously shown that cytotoxicity depends upon particle surface properties [15, 20. 21]. In turn, the surface properties of NPs determine their agglomeration state and size of agglomerates under changing physiological conditions [22]. Therefore, precise characterization of NPs in their particular physicochemical state is essential in assessing the medical benefits or potential negative effects of NPs by correlating observed biological effects with the physicochemical state of NPs. Recently, TiO2NPs have been used as vaccine adjuvants, enhancing antigen immunogenicity and resulted in creating a protective and long-lasting immune response [23]. There-
1. INTRODUCTION Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs), fo
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