Raspberry-like hollow SnO 2 -based nanostructures for sensing VOCs and ammonia
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Raspberry‑like hollow SnO2‑based nanostructures for sensing VOCs and ammonia Wenjun Yan1 · Xiaomin Zeng2 · Gu Wu2 · Wei Jiang2 · Di Wei2 · Min Ling2 · Houpan Zhou1 · Chunwei Guo1 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 8 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The raspberry-like hollow SnO2-based (bare S nO2 and Pd-doped S nO2) nanostructures with different dominant crystal facets were prepared facilely using carbon nanospheres as templates via solvothermal method. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3) gas sensing performances of the hollow SnO2-based structures were studied systematically. The gas sensing performances were investigated in a temperature range of 150–315 °C. It was found that 285 °C was the optimum operating temperature for both the sensors. The SnO2 sensor showed excellent VOCs (1–100 ppm) sensing performances, with a fast response/recovery behavior (around 4 s/30 s) at 285 °C. While the Pd-SnO2 sensor displayed selective N H3 sensing characteristics at low concentrations of 1.5–12 ppm, interestingly, with a response/recovery time of about 4 s/80 s at 285 °C. Both the S nO2 and Pd-SnO2 sensors showed great repeatability for 8 response/recovery cycles, and very slight response recession for a long period. It was found that not only the morphology, the synergistic effect from the heterojunctions of doped Pd and S nO2, and the Pd catalysis, but also the crystal facets could modulate the sensing performance of metal oxides.
1 Introduction Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of urban haze and photochemical smog. Certain VOCs are identified as hazardous gases and could cause severe diseases (e.g., lung cancer and allergy) [1]. They are encountered in various activities, such as oil refining, driving, cooking, painting, and so on. In order to evaluate the air quality, environmental monitoring is essential. Ammonia is a colorless and toxic gas with a pungent odor, and it Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03971-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Wenjun Yan [email protected] * Houpan Zhou [email protected] * Chunwei Guo [email protected] 1
Smart City Research Center, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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could be noticed at a low level of 5 ppm in real environment [2]. Additionally, ammonia is immediately dangerous to life and health at a concentration of 300 ppm, causing damage to the skin, eyes, and respiratory systems of human beings [3, 4]. To ensure human safety, durable N H3 sensors are indispensable. Chemi-resistive gas sensors based on tin dioxide (SnO2) has attracted widespread attention, and is considered as the most promising gas sensing material due to its low c
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