Recent Advances in Immobilization Strategies for Biomolecules in Sensors Using Organic Field-Effect Transistors
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REVIEW
Recent Advances in Immobilization Strategies for Biomolecules in Sensors Using Organic Field‑Effect Transistors Le Li1 · Siying Wang1 · Yin Xiao2 · Yong Wang1 Received: 28 October 2019 / Revised: 13 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are fabricated using organic semiconductors (OSCs) as the active layer in the form of thin films. Due to its advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, compact integration, flexibility, and printability, OFETs have been used extensively in the sensing area. For analysis platforms, the construction of sensing layers is a key element for their efficient detection capability. The strategy used to immobilize biomolecules in these devices is especially important for ensuring that the sensing functions of the OFET are effective. Generally, analysis platforms are developed by modifying the gate/electrolyte or OSC/electrolyte interface using biomolecules, such as enzymes, antibodies, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to ensure high selectivity. To provide better or more convenient biological immobilization methods for researchers in this field and thereby improve detection sensitivity, this review summarizes recent developments in the immobilization strategies used for biological macromolecules in OFETs, including cross-linking, physical adsorption, embedding, and chemical covalent binding. The influences of biomolecules on device performance are also discussed. Keywords Organic field-effect transistor · Biosensor · Biomolecular immobilization strategy · Device performance
Introduction As a type of voltage-controlled active device, the organic field-effect transistor (OFET) consists of a source, drain, gate, and organic semiconductor (OSC) and dielectric layers. In the working principle of the typical OFET, carriers are induced by applying gate voltage to form conductive channels at the interface between the OSC and dielectric layers. The charges in the conductive channel are injected by the source electrode and collected by the drain electrode. The width of the conductive channel, i.e., the charge density, can be adjusted by controlling the gate voltage to generate the * Yin Xiao [email protected] * Yong Wang [email protected] 1
School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2
expected current output [1]. Compared with inorganic fieldeffect transistors, the OFET has many unique advantages such as low cost, flexibility [2], and good biocompatibility, and shows promising potential for application in biosensing, wearable devices, and electronic health detection. OFET biosensors utilize bio-sensitive materials as recognition units that monitor chemical substances or binding event
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