Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of exosomes
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Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of exosomes Linan Zhang 1 & Chunchuan Gu 2 & Jiajun Wen 1 & Guangxian Liu 1 & Hongying Liu 1 & Lihua Li 1 Received: 9 June 2020 / Revised: 4 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle actively secreted by almost all eukaryotic cells. They are ideal candidates for reliable next-generation biomarkers in the early diagnosis and therapeutic response evaluation of cancer. Thus, the quantification of exosomes is crucial in facilitating clinical research and application. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials have better optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties due to their small size, high specific surface area, and variable structure. The incorporation of nanomaterials into sensing systems is an attractive approach towards improving sensitivity and can provide improved sensor selectivity and stability. In this paper, we summarize the progress in nanomaterial-based exosome detection methods, including electrochemical biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, chemiluminescence biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance biosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensors. Moreover, future research directions and challenges in exosome detection methods are discussed. We hope that this article will offer an overview of nanomaterial-based exosome detection techniques and open new avenues in disease research. Keywords Nanomaterial . Exosome . Electrochemical biosensor . Optical biosensor
Introduction With the worsening of the human living environment, cancer poses a serious threat to people’s lives and health and has become a global public health issue [1]. The early diagnosis of cancer has become a pressing clinical issue. To date, tumor marker detection technology is nearly the only method and approach for early detection of asymptomatic microfocal tumors. The development of noninvasive detection methods for tumor markers is a research hotspot for the early diagnosis of cancer. Liquid biopsy is a noninvasive sampling method to obtain information about tumor cells based on novel Linan Zhang and Chunchuan Gu contributed equally to this work. * Hongying Liu [email protected] * Lihua Li [email protected] 1
Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
2
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310002, Zhejiang, China
biomarkers in circulation including circulating tumor cells, DNA, exosomes, and RNA. Liquid biopsy marks a great step forward in the road towards conquering tumors and opens a new horizon in cancer management. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, are membranous vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm that contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids [2]. They have bilateral phospholipid membrane structures, can be secreted from all types of cell
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