Recent applications of mass spectrometry in bacterial lipidomics
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Recent applications of mass spectrometry in bacterial lipidomics Keerthi Appala 1 & Kingsley Bimpeh 1 & Christian Freeman 1 & Kelly M. Hines 1 Received: 16 January 2020 / Revised: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The popularity of mass spectrometry–based lipidomics has soared in the past decade. While the majority of the lipidomics work is being performed in mammalian and other eukaryotic systems, there is also a growing rise in the exploration of bacterial lipidomics. The lipids found in bacteria can be substantially different from those in eukaryotic systems, but they are equally important for maintaining the structure of the bacteria and providing protection from the surrounding environment. In this article, recent applications of lipidomics in combination with molecular biology and applications in microbial strain identification and antibiotic susceptibility are highlighted. The authors’ perspectives on current challenges facing the field and future directions are also provided. Keywords Bacteria . Lipidomics . Mass spectrometry . Lipid A . Lipopolysaccharide . Antibiotic resistance
Introduction Once considered an emerging field, the comprehensive analysis of lipids in cells and organisms, or lipidomics, is now widely applied due to the recognized importance of lipids in energy storage, signal transduction, cell recognition, and cell membrane structure [1, 2]. Biological systems must contain a variety of different lipids to perform these diverse functions [3]. Lipid structures can vary based on the nature of the backbone (i.e., glycerol, sphingosine, saccharide), the modification of the backbone with another chemical moiety or headgroup (i.e., choline, ethanolamine, and glucose), and the number and type of fatty acyls esterified to the backbone [4, 5]. The fatty acyls themselves may vary widely, as well. Fatty acids may be straight- or branched-chain, even or odd in total carbons, and saturated or unsaturated (i.e., double bonds or cyclopropyl). The large variety of lipid structures has given rise to the adoption of mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/
Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. Keerthi Appala, Kingsley Bimpeh and Christian Freeman contributed equally to this work. * Kelly M. Hines [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
MS), with or without chromatographic separations [6–8], as the preferred techniques for lipidomic analyses of biological systems [1, 2]. Depending on the goals of the study, lipidomic experiments may take a targeted approach, in which only certain lipids are analyzed to cover a particular pathway, or take an untargeted approach, which has the goal of detecting a large variety of lipid species as feasible to obtain systemslevel insight. The challenges of the untargeted approach lie in the range of concentrations at which lipids may be present [6, 9] and their identi
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