Reduction of Magnetite from Copper Smelting Slag in the Presence of a Graphite Rod
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01963-0 Ó The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2020 HAIPEI ZHANG and HUA WANG are with the State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan Province, China and also with the Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan Province, China. BO LI and YONGGANG WEI are with the State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology and also with the Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology and also with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3E4, Canada. Contact e-mail: [email protected] YINDONG YANG and ALEXANDER MCLEAN are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto. Manuscript submitted May 3, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
I.
INTRODUCTION
IN the smelting process of copper, oxygen-enriched air bath smelting is widely used because of its high production capacity, low fuel consumption, and high adaptability for raw materials. However, high oxygen potential will lead to the enrichment of Fe3O4 in the slag[1,2] which then needs to be diluted by a combination of direct-current dilution and reductant dilution in the electric furnace.[3] Dilution can promote the aggregation and growth of copper droplets, and enhance separation of slag and copper. Reduction of Fe3O4 decreases the slag viscosity and promotes the settling of copper particles.[4,5]
There are two main forms of copper loss in slag: physicochemical losses and mechanical entrained losses. Slag viscosity is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical entrainment loss of copper.[6] Therefore, it is particularly important to reduce the viscosity and melting point of the slag by reducing Fe3O4 to FeO, which then combines with SiO2 to form fayalite. Reddy et al.[7] studied the reduction of Cu2O from artificial slag by carbon. The reduction was a first-order reaction and the limiting step was chemical reaction at the slag/graphite interface. Argon stirring had no effect on the kinetics of the reduction reaction. Sharif[8] studied the reduction of PbO in PbO-CaO-SiO2-FeOx-MgO slags by CO-CO2 gas mixture. The deduced apparent firstorder rate constant increased with increasing iron oxide content, oxidation state of the slag, and temperature. The limiting step was the rate of formation of CO2 at the gas-slag interface. Li[9] studied the reduction of Fe3O4 in copper slag using waste cooking oil. The results showed that the content of Fe3O4 in the slag decreased with the increase in reduction time. Increasing temperature was also beneficial to the reduction of Fe3O4. In the reduction process, Fe3O4 gradually transforms to fayalite, and the viscosity of the slag decreases. Zhou et al.[10] studied the reduction of oxides in copper
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