Regenerative medicine: Induced pluripotent stem cells and their benefits on accelerated bone tissue reconstruction using
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Regenerative medicine: Induced pluripotent stem cells and their benefits on accelerated bone tissue reconstruction using scaffolds Nowsheen Goonoo and Archana Bhaw-Luximona) Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius (Received 31 January 2018; accepted 18 April 2018)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer the possibility to accelerate tissue reconstruction through cell differentiation. The use of iPSCs in bone tissue engineering is promoted by next generation scaffolds which guide bone tissue repair and provide specific cues and molecular recognition to enhance differentiation as well as the bone forming ability of these cells. However, bone tissue repair faces additional challenges such as requirement for a consequent bone vasculature and exhaustion of stem cells in the aging adults. In this context, iPSC reprogramming seems to be unaffected by age and they have better pro-angiogenic potential as well as proliferation rate. The benefits of iPSCs using polymeric scaffolds include access to humanized in vitro models, triggering bone tissue reconstruction through a supply of bone cells via differentiation, compensating mesenchymal stem cells age-related deficiencies in osteodegenerative diseases, and enhancing angiogenesis.
I. INTRODUCTION 1
In 2007, the ground-breaking work of Takahashi et al. reported on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult human fibroblasts and other human somatic cells. iPSCs are generated from somatic cells by transfecting four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) in fibroblasts.2 This paved the way for the possibility to use mature differentiated cells and revert them back to pluripotency, that is, an embryolike state. As a result, the present decade is seeing vast perspectives for human disease modeling, regeneration of tissues and organs, and drug discovery.3 iPSCs have thus shown in a short time-lapse strong promise to accelerate disease treatment and limitless possibilities as they allow the generation of representative samples of any tissue in a patient’s body. Prior to iPSCs, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have allowed the generation of genetically engineered mice which are used as human disease models. Although, animal models have contributed enormously to the better understanding of disease mechanisms, they have limitations in correctly mimicking human diseases. These limitations arise from existing variability in the genetic makeup of the animal models compared with humans and different species have distinct genetic makeup and hence sometimes unique proteins. iPSCs can act as a more a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.132
suitable alternative as they provide identical human cell environment and are functional in vitro as well as in vivo after transplantation.4 In addition, a patient specific iPSC allows the development of personalized therapeutics
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