Epidermal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
Stem cells present in the epidermis, and hair follicle, guarantee the conservation of adult skin maintenance and hair renewal, but they also play a pivotal role in wound repair and tissue regeneration. Adult stem cells present in the epidermis are also re
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Epidermal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine Simona Martinotti, Katia Marconato, Gregorio Bonsignore, and Elia Ranzato
Abstract
Stem cells present in the epidermis, and hair follicle, guarantee the conservation of adult skin maintenance and hair renewal, but they also play a pivotal role in wound repair and tissue regeneration. Adult stem cells present in the epidermis are also responsible for epidermis different layers’ regeneration. We here summarize the epidermal stem cells information in term of their central features in stem cells niche, their signalling pathways and their maintenance, and activation. Keywords
Regenerative medicine · Stem cell · Wound repair
Abbreviations BMP-4 CEA
bone morphogenetic protein-4 cultured epithelial autografts
S. Martinotti and E. Ranzato (*) University of Piemonte Orientale, DiSIT- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Alessandria, Italy University of Piemonte Orientale, DiSIT- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Vercelli, Italy e-mail: [email protected] K. Marconato and G. Bonsignore University of Piemonte Orientale, DiSIT- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Alessandria, Italy
ECM iPSCs JEB MCSP SCID TACs
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extra-cellular matrix induced pluripotent stem cells junctional epidermolysis bullosa chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Severe Combined Immunodeficiency transient amplifying cells
Biology of the Skin
The skin is the large body organ as well as one of the most vital due to its pivotal role as a protecting structure beside numerous exterior agents and working also as a regulator of the body temperature (Kanitakis 2002). Skin is constituted of three layers: hypodermis, the deepest one, dermis and the most superficial, the epidermis (Martinotti and Ranzato 2020). The most abundant cells present in the epidermis are the keratinocytes, while other cell types present are melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells (Rognoni and Watt 2018). The epidermis is normally constituted of some sheets that are classified agreeing to keratinocytes level and expression. Keratinocytes originate from stem cells present at basal level migrating from the lower layers as metabolic active cells and transforming into dead cells as they move towards the upper surface (Candi et al. 2005). On the contrary, the dermis structure derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM), formed by fibroblasts. In the dermis, there are also
S. Martinotti et al.
endothelial cells of the vessels, nerve ending, hair follicles, and cells of the adipose tissue (Ranzato et al. 2013). The hypodermis is the deepest skin layer containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and cells that stores fat.
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Wound Repair Physiology
Wound repair is a well-orchestrated biological phenomenon occurring in all tissues and organs (Martinotti et al. 2012a). The ultimate aim of wound repair is to restore tissue integrity and homeostasis. The wound repair process encompasses a well-adjusted activity of epithelial cells and connective tissue as well as the involvement of v
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