Relative response of male Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to phenylbutanoid phytochemicals: implications f
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CHEMOECOLOGY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Relative response of male Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Diptera: Tephritidae) to phenylbutanoid phytochemicals: implications for fruit fly control and plant–insect interactions S. L. Wee1,2 · J. E. Royer3 · J. Herring4 · D. G. Mayer3 · K. H. Tan5 Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The interactions between Dacini male fruit flies and phytochemical male lures are unique. Lure response, fate and its effects after consumption on fruit fly mating behaviour are species- and lure-specific. Bactrocera frauenfeldi is known to respond to the phenylbutanoids raspberry ketone (RK) and cue lure (CL), anisyl acetone (AA), and zingerone (ZN), which are produced by some rainforest orchids. Here we compared the relative field responses of B. frauenfeldi males to these phenylbutanoids in two selected locations to determine the most attractive lure for this species. We also performed gas chromatographic-mass spectral analyses of male rectal pheromone glands to understand the fate of the ingested compounds. Results showed that B. frauenfeldi males were most responsive to CL, equally to RK and AA, while poorly to ZN in Cairns, a site with high population density. No significant difference was observed in Lockhart River which has a low population density of B. frauenfeldi. Chemical analyses showed that most of the ingested phenylbutanoids were sequestered into rectal glands, either unchanged or with minimal structural changes except for AA, which is converted to RK via a demethylation of the methoxy- to a hydroxymoiety and reduced to 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanol via the keto-moiety. This study provides both practical and ecological implications: it identified the most attractive lure, which is important for monitoring and management of B. frauenfeldi; and based on the relative responses, conversion and retention rates by B. frauenfeldi males, revealed the ecological significance of these phytochemical lures in plant-fruit fly co-evolution. Keywords Bactrocera frauenfeldi · Cue lure · Raspberry ketone · Anisyl acetone · Zingerone
Introduction
Communicated by Günther Raspotnig. * S. L. Wee [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2
School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
3
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), PO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
4
Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
5
Mobula Research, Penang, Malaysia
Males of many fruit fly species in the tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) have long been known to be attracted to a particular group of plant secondary metabolites, i.e. phenylpropanoids and phenylbutonoids, hereafter referred to as male lures (Metcalf et al. 1983; IAEA 2003; Nishida an
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