The migration, transformation, and risk assessment of heavy metals in residue and bio-oil obtained by the liquefaction o
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The migration, transformation, and risk assessment of heavy metals in residue and bio-oil obtained by the liquefaction of pig manure Hui Luan 1,2 & Fen Liu 1,2 & Shundong Long 1,2 & Zhuangzhuang Liu 1,2 & Yanting Qi 3,4 & Zhihua Xiao 1,3,4
&
Jun Fang 1,2
Received: 31 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The total contents and chemical speciation analysis of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, and As in pig manure (PM), liquefaction residues (LRs), and bio-oils (BOs) derived from PM by liquefaction with ethanol as a solvent at 180–300 °C were thoroughly investigated in this study. The environment risk assessment, leachability, and bioavailability of heavy metals in PM and LRs were studied. The results showed that more than 75% of heavy metals remained in LRs. The total contents of heavy metals in LRs were markedly elevated, but those in BOs gradually decreased with the increase in liquefaction temperature. Moreover, the acid soluble/exchangeable fraction and reducible fraction (F1 + F2) of heavy metals in LRs and BOs was significantly reduced, while oxidizable fraction and stable fraction (F3 + F4) desirably increased after liquefaction. Furthermore, the potential risk of heavy metals in LRs was decreased in comparison to that in PM, but the risk of Pb, Mn, and As had not been obviously reduced; therefore, the LRs from the liquefaction of PM should be pretreated before recycling. Temperatures from 220 to 260 °C were the optimum conditions for disposing of PM by liquefaction with ethanol. Keywords Livestock excrement . Thermal treatment . Pollutant . Biofuel . Chemical speciation . X-ray diffraction . Toxicity
Introduction With the improvement of living standard and change in dietary, there is a growing demand for livestock production in China (Lassaletta et al. 2016). In recent years, the intensive and industrial livestock husbandry has considerably grown; for example, the total pig production of China is Hui Luan and Fen Liu contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu * Zhihua Xiao [email protected] * Jun Fang [email protected] 1
Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
3
College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
4
Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic of China
nearly 500 million heads yearly, accounting for approximately half of the world’s pig production (Larson 2015). As a result, animal manure quantities are becoming large. It has been reported that livestock meat and eggs production has reached 150 million tons in 2017 (Bluemling and Wang 2018), and the animal manure quantity w
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