Determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin residue and dissipation in cowpea by QuEChERS combining wi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin residue and dissipation in cowpea by QuEChERS combining with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry Li Chen 1 & Fugen Li 2 & Chunhong Jia 1 & Pingzhong Yu 1 & Ercheng Zhao 1 & Min He 1 & Junjie Jing 1 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The dissipation and residue levels of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in cowpea were investigated under field conditions. Samples of cowpea were analyzed using a QuEChERS technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The recoveries were 86.5–118.9% for thiamethoxam and 75.6–104.1% for clothianidin, with the coefficient of variation of < 13%. The water dispersible granule formulation of thiamethoxam was applied on cowpea at 30 and 45 g active ingredient ha−1 in accordance with good agricultural practice. The half-life of thiamethoxam in cowpea was 0.8–1.6 days. The cowpea samples were gathered at 3, 7, and 10 days after the last application, and the residues of thiamethoxam in cowpea were < 0.005–0.054 mg kg−1, while those of clothianidin were < 0.005–0.008 mg kg−1. The final residues of thiamethoxam and clothianidin were below the European Union (EU) maximum residue level (0.3 mg kg−1 for thiamethoxam; 0.2 mg kg−1 for clothianidin) in cowpea after a preharvest interval (PHI) of 7 days. This study provided basic data on the use and safety of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in cowpea to help the Chinese government formulate a maximum residue level for thiamethoxam in cowpea. Keywords Cowpea . Pesticide . Thiamethoxam . Clothianidin . Residue
Introduction The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture represents a serious threat to the environment and human health. Pesticide residues in agricultural products or food can enter the human body via food consumption, resulting in potential health risks. Vegetables were the main source of dietary exposure to pesticide residues; consumed raw or semi-processed, they accounted for 30% of daily pesticide intake (Claeys et al. 2011). Thus, it is Responsible Editor: Ester Heath * Li Chen [email protected] 1
Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China
2
Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing 100125, People’s Republic of China
necessary to evaluate the residue levels and dissipation behavior after pesticide application to vegetables and crops and, on the basis of these data, establish the maximum residue limit (MRL). Establishment of this limit will play an important role in strengthening the quality and safety supervision of agricultural products and maintaining the healthy development of international trade of agricultural products in China (Fan et al. 2019; Gong et al. 2020). Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculate [L.] Walp.) are popular vegetables that are rich
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