RETRACTED ARTICLE: Molecular Cloning of an Amino Acid Permease Gene and Structural Characterization of the Protein in Co
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Molecular Cloning of an Amino Acid Permease Gene and Structural Characterization of the Protein in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Nibedita Chakraborty1,2 · Alfred Besra1 · Jolly Basak1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Plants synthesize amino acids by collateral metabolic pathways using primary elements carbon and oxygen from air, hydrogen from water in soil and nitrogen from soil. Following synthesis, amino acids are immediately used for metabolism, transient storage or transported to the phloem. Different families of transporters have been identified for import of amino acids into plant cells. The first identified amino acid transporter, amino acid permease 1 (AAP1) in Arabidopsis belongs to a family of eight members and transports acidic, neutral, and basic amino acids. Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with root nodules bacteria. Following fixation, nitrogen is reduced to amino acids and is exported via different amino acid transporters. However, information is lacking about the structure of these important classes of amino acid transporter proteins in plant. We have amplified AAP from Phaseolus vulgaris, an economically important leguminous plant grown all over the world, and sequenced. The sequence has been characterized in silico and a three-dimensional structure of AAP has been predicted and validated. The information obtained not only enhances the knowledge about the structure of an amino acid permease gene in P. vulgaris, but will also help in designing protein–ligand studies using this protein as well. Keywords Amino acid permease · Phaseolus vulgaris · I-TASSER · Homology modeling · Molecular docking
Introduction Amino acids have been considered as an essential nitrogen source in plants. Being the building blocks for enzymes and proteins, amino acids serve as an essential nutrient source for plant metabolism. In addition to this, plants uses amino acids as a precursor of nitrogen source for a large variety of compounds related to plant development which includes nucleotides, chlorophyll, hormones and secondary metabolites. Plants can assimilate inorganic nitrogen from soil and Nibedita Chakraborty and Alfred Besra have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-020-00240-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jolly Basak jolly.basak@visva‑bharati.ac.in 1
Genomics of Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
2
incorporate into amino acids. In the process of primary nitrogen assimilation, inorganic nitrogen incorporates into glutamine or glutamic acid, which transaminates to synthesize other amino acids or nitrogenous compounds [1]. The synthesized amino acids are transported to the developing sink org
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