RETRACTED ARTICLE: An integrated approach for characterization of heavy metal contamination in lake sediments in India
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An integrated approach for characterization of heavy metal contamination in lake sediments in India Manohar Kata & G. V. Ramana
Received: 4 September 2013 / Accepted: 26 November 2013 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2013
Abstract This study investigates the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metal accumulation in sediments from the northwestern part of Hyderabad city. Hyderabad is one of the biggest cities in India. Sediment samples have been collected in the entire study area, covering industrial, agricultural, and residential zones. The concentration of heavy metals viz., As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe are determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Among the heavy metals studied, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb are found in higher concentrations than prescribed sediment quality guideline values, which are highly toxic in nature. Correlation analysis and principle component analysis based on factor analysis is performed over the data sets. This analysis identified three factors which are responsible for data structure explaining that the source of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb contamination of sediments are majorly associated with industrial activities. Spatial distributions of these metal contaminants are examined using ArcGIS 9.3v; this indicated that the Kazi Lake is the most polluted among the other lakes in the study area. This study can be used to estimate GBLs and Construct GBFs of heavy metals from sediments on the world in order to manage sediment quality.
Keywords Heavy metals . Multivariate . Sediments . Spatial distribution . Statistical analysis . X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
M. Kata (*) CSIR-Environmental Geochemistry Division, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] M. Kata : G. V. Ramana Department of Chemistry, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
Introduction Heavy metal contamination pose severe problems in sediments due to their long residence time, toxicity, nonbiodegradability, irreversible nature, and accumulation in the food chain (Markus and Mabratney 1996; Venkatramanan et al. 2012). Contamination of surface sediments with heavy metals has been recognized a major concern at local, regional, and global level (Qadir et al. 2008; Mahmoud 2012) due to their implication on human health (De Kimpe and Morel 2000; Varol 2011; Xia et al. 2011). Heavy metals are adhering to soil and sediment components such as organic matter and clay particles which ultimately affect human health. Anthropogenic activities release metals into the atmosphere, which subsequently deposit into the nearby lake sediments (El Kashouty and El Sabbagh 2011). Due to its high retention capacity, a sediment is usually regarded as the sink for different metals discharged into the environment (Chen 2002; Khalifa and Amous 2012). Under the influence of long-term human activities, heavy metal distributions in sediments usually have formed decrease gradients from urban to rural (Biasioli et al. 2007; Cattle
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