Review of reproductive behavior in Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Homoptera: Liviidae)
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REVIEW
Review of reproductive behavior in Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Homoptera: Liviidae) Hai‑Lin Li1 · Xia‑Lin Zheng1 · Zong‑You Huang1 · Wen Lu1 Received: 14 May 2019 / Accepted: 28 November 2019 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2019
Abstract Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Homoptera: Liviidae) is an important vector of citrus Huanglongbing, a serious threat to the development of citrus industry in China. Studies on the reproductive behavior of D. citri could contribute to understanding the crucial time to centrally control D. citri adults. The latest research results on the reproductive behavior of D. citri in recent years were reviewed, including the behaviors and mechanisms of the location and recognition of conspecific adults, mating choices, mating, and oviposition. The relationship between reproductive and flight behaviors and the rhythm of flight needs further study to explore the infestation regularity of D. citri and provide helpful information to develop integrated pest management strategies. It is expected that the review of reproductive behavior of D. citri will provide reference for scientific research, population monitoring, and comprehensive management of D. citri in China. Keywords Citrus psyllid · Reproductive behavior · Mate location · Mating · Oviposition
Introduction The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Liviidae), is an important sap-sucking hemipteran pest of Rutaceae plants. D. citri is widely distributed in China (Yang 1989), the USA (Stockton et al. 2017a), Japan (Yasuda et al. 2005), Brazil (Bové 2006), Africa (Rwomushana et al. 2017), and Pakistan (Naeem and Freed 2018). D. citri, a vector of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is one of the most destructive citrus plant diseases worldwide, has a devastating impact on the citrus industry in the world. For instance, the citrus industry in Florida was affected by HLB and resulted in a total economic loss of $8.9 billion from 2007 to 2012 (Spreen and Baldwin 2013), with an annual ¥ 8.05–9.62 million loss in the Guangxi Province of China (Jia et al. 2015). In addition, the citrus orchards destroyed by HLB show a significant decline in the Florida Hai-Lin Li and Xia-Lin Zheng have contributed equally to this work. * Wen Lu [email protected] 1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric‑Environment and Agric‑Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
citrus production (Hodges and Spreen 2015). Controlling the population of D. citri is key to preventing the spread of HLB. At present, the control of D. citri is very difficult, due to its many generations, serious overlap of generations and strong pesticide resistance (Xu et al. 1992; Rao et al. 2019). Researchers have conducted many studies on the reproductive behavior of D. citri (Xie et al. 1989) in an attempt to find more economical, effective, and environment-friendly controlling measures, e.g., sex pheromones and sticky color traps (Zhao et al. 2018). In this review, we summarized the behaviors and mechanisms of location
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