Genetic and structural determinants on iron assimilation pathways in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri a
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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - REVIEW
Genetic and structural determinants on iron assimilation pathways in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Xanthomonas sp. Gabriel Soares Guerra 1 & Andrea Balan 1 Received: 3 May 2019 / Accepted: 6 December 2019 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2019
Abstract Iron is a vital nutrient to bacteria, not only in the basal metabolism but also for virulent species in infection and pathogenicity at their hosts. Despite its relevance, the role of iron in Xanthomonas citri infection, the etiological agent of citrus canker disease, is poorly understood in contrast to other pathogens, including other members of the Xanthomonas genus. In this review, we present iron assimilation pathways in X. citri including the ones for siderophore production and siderophore-iron assimilation, proven to be key factors to virulence in many organisms like Escherichia coli and Xanthomonas campestris. Based on classical iron-related proteins previously characterized in E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also Xanthomonadaceae, we identified orthologs in X. citri and evaluated their sequences, structural characteristics such as functional motifs, and residues that support their putative functions. Among the identified proteins are TonB-dependent receptors, periplasmic-binding proteins, active transporters, efflux pumps, and cytoplasmic enzymes. The role of each protein for the bacterium was analyzed and complemented with proteomics data previously reported. The global view of different aspects of iron regulation and nutrition in X. citri virulence and pathogenesis may help guide future investigations aiming the development of new drug targets against this important phytopathogen. Keywords Iron transport . Outer membrane receptors . Citrus canker . Siderophores . Xanthomonadaceae . Regulation
Xanthomonas citri is the gram-negative bacteria that causes the citrus canker, a disease that infects several species of the citrus genus, specially oranges, still without treatment. The disease is characterized by necrotic lesions on leaves and fruits, which present brown water-soaked margins, culminating with premature fruit drop [1]. The phenotypic symptoms lead to a decrease of the productivity in the citrus production, juice industry, and exportation resulting in massive economical losses for the countries affected, including the main orange exporters such as Brazil, the USA, and China [2]. Responsible Editor: Cristiano Gallina Moreira. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00207-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Andrea Balan [email protected] 1
Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374; Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
The mechanism of infection and pathogenicity of the Xanthomonas genus has being largely studied including the functional characterizati
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