Risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of the foot and mouth disease virus in Eastern Rwanda
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(2020) 16:387
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of the foot and mouth disease virus in Eastern Rwanda Jean Claude Udahemuka1,2* , Gabriel Oluga Aboge1,3, George Ogello Obiero1, Phiyani Justice Lebea4, Joshua Orungo Onono3 and Massimo Paone5
Abstract Background: Identification of risk factors is crucial in Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control especially in endemic countries. In Rwanda, almost all outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) have started in Eastern Rwanda. Identifying the risk factors in this area will support government control efforts. This study was carried out to identify and map different risk factors for the incursion, spread and persistence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Questionnaires were administered during farm visits to establish risk factors for FMD outbreaks. Descriptive statistical measures were determined and odds ratios were calculated to determine the effects of risk factors on the occurrence of FMD. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) was used to produce thematic maps on the proportion of putative risk factors for FMD per village. Results: Based on farmers’ perceptions, 85.31% (with p < 0.01) experienced more outbreaks during the major dry season, a finding consistent with other reports in other parts of the world. Univariate analysis revealed that mixed farming (OR = 1.501, p = 0.163, CI = 95%), and natural breeding method (OR = 1.626; p = 0.21, CI = 95%) were associated with the occurrence of FMD indicating that the two risk factors could be responsible for FMD outbreaks in the farms. The occurrence of FMD in the farms was found to be significantly associated with lack of vaccination of calves younger than 12 months in herds (OR = 0.707; p = 0.046, CI = 95%). Conclusions: This is the first study to describe risk factors for persistence of FMDV in livestock systems in Rwanda. However, further studies are required to understand the role of transboundary animal movements and genotypic profiles of circulating FMDV in farming systems in Rwanda. Keywords: Foot-and-mouth disease, Risk factors, Maps, Geospatial, QGIS, Eastern Rwanda, Foot-and-mouth disease spread
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not in
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