Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Roadside Soil and Vegetation of National Highway Crossing through Industria
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Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Roadside Soil and Vegetation of National Highway Crossing through Industrial Area Shanti Priya Ghosh 1 & Deep Raj 1
& Subodh Kumar Maiti
1
Received: 31 May 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 / Published online: 21 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract
A descriptive research was conducted seasonally for divulging the impact of deposition and contamination of selected heavy metals (HMs) like Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) in roadside soil (RSS) and grass (Cynodon dactylon) of a National Highway (Dhanbad Raniganj; NH 2, India). The contamination factor for Cd was found maximum among all the HMs during pre-monsoon season and the highest geo-accumulation index was also found for Cd. The ecological risk index (ERI) was calculated and compared with two control sites which showed elevated risk of HMs in the RSS. The highest ERI value (596) was observed in the pre-monsoon. The general trends of bio-concentration factor, bioaccumulation factor, and translocation factor were Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd, Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd, and Ni > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd, respectively. Potential health risk (non-cancer) for children and adults was also assessed, and the highest hazard indices in pre-monsoon were found for children (4.80 × 10−1) and adults (6.33 × 10−2). The total cancer risk in pre-monsoon for adults was 0.324 × 10−4 while for children was 0.295 × 10−4. This study demonstrates the occurrence of HMs in the road side soil causing the increase in the health risks problems for the nearby residents. The findings of the present study can be further interpreted to assess the health risk posed due to the exposure of HMs near RSS of the highways covering the industrial areas elsewhere in the world. Keywords Dhanbad - Raniganj national highway . Roadside soil . Grass, pollution indices . Ecological risk index . Health risk assessment
* Subodh Kumar Maiti [email protected]; [email protected] Deep Raj [email protected]
1
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826 004, India
1198
S.P. Ghosh et al.
1 Introduction The heavy metals (HMs) in roadside soils (RSS) and grass of highways seek global attention due to increase in traffic loads (Adeniyi and Owoade 2010; Bernardino et al. 2019). But the concentration level of HMs in the roadside soil (RSS) may become critical when the highways cross the industrial belt. Some highways are built along coal mining areas, which in turn lead to the deposition of HMs containing coal dust on the top soil of the nearby areas (Christoforidis and Stamatis 2009; Raj et al. 2017). The contamination caused by HMs along the RSS is getting worse and is recognized by many researchers in the recent years. The origin of HMs in RSS may be accustomed to degradation of road surface, fuel ignition in internal combustion engines, oil leakage from vehicles, wear and tear of tires, mining, melting metallic ores rusting of batteries, power stations,
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