Assessment of heavy metal pollution of drain sediments in the urban area of Mexicali, Mexico
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Assessment of heavy metal pollution of drain sediments in the urban area of Mexicali, Mexico Analy Quiñonez‑Plaza1 · Juan Temores‑Peña1 · Enrique Garcia‑Flores1 · Diana Dolores Rodriguez‑Mendivil1 · Miguel Angel Pastrana‑Corral1 · Fernando Toyohiko Wakida1 Received: 12 March 2019 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The valley of Mexicali is one of the most important agricultural areas in the northwest of Mexico. Rapid urbanization has meant that parts of the agricultural channels and drains now lie within the urban area. To evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in urban drain sediments, thirty-one samples were collected in the Mexicali urban area. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.28, 70.0, 17.0, 4.48 × 10 .4, 13.5, 32.3 and 229 mg kg− 1, respectively. The geoaccumulation index results indicated that most of the drain sediments were from unpolluted to slightly polluted by heavy metals for most of the sites, with the exception of Cu which had seven sites Class 3, two sites Class 4 and two sites Class 5 and 6, respectively. Similarly, the enrichment factors showed that most of the sites had minimum enrichment. Keywords Heavy metals · Enrichment factor · Principal component analysis · Pollution load index · Drains · Sediments
Introduction The urban growth is directly related to environmental problems due to the loss of habitats and the introduction of some contaminants. Among these pollutants are heavy metals, which have been studied in different environmental matrixes, such as soil, sediments, air and water (Samara and Voutsa 2005; Tansel and Rafiuddin 2016; Wakida et al. 2008). Heavy metals in soils and sediments are derived from anthropogenic activities and lithogenic sources. An important concern of heavy metals is that they can enter into the food chain (Förstner and Wittmann 1979; Haijian Bing et al. 2011). Aquatic ecosystems have been identified as one of the most affected by environmental pollution. Several studies have been carried out to determine heavy metal concentrations in sediments in aquatic environments mainly because their toxicity and low solubility causes them to accumulate Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09193-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fernando Toyohiko Wakida [email protected] 1
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, C.P. 22390 Tijuana, BC, México
in bottom sediments (Birch 2011; Perry and Taylor 2007; Sakan et al. 2009). Bottom sediments can be used as pollutant indicators because they act as a sink for contaminants; therefore, their environmental concentrations have become an important research topic. The studies have focused mainly on rivers, lakes and marine sediments. However, there are few published studies regarding heavy metal concentrations in drain sediments. Drains ha
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