Role of matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts in bio-mineralization
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Role of matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts in bio‑mineralization Sushma Bommanavar1 · Jagadish Hosmani2 · Rafi Ahmad Togoo3 · Hosam Ali Baeshen4 · A. Thirumal Raj5 · Shankargouda Patil6 · Shilpa Bhandi7 · Dowen Birkhed8 Received: 19 December 2019 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © The Japanese Society Bone and Mineral Research and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular membrane-bound vesicles of about ~ 50–200 nm in diameter that play a role in the bio-mineralization process of hard tissue formation. The present review is based on the empirical phenomenon of primary mineralization process via matrix vesicle-mediated mechanism with special reference to crystal ghosts as well as the mechanism on the organic–inorganic relationship between matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts, and the transformation that these structures undergo during bio-mineralization. Keywords Bio-mineralization · Crystal ghosts · Matrix vesicle · Exosome · Microvesicles
Introduction Development of molecular biology has led to rapid progress in decoding the finer details of biological processes including bio-mineralization. Mineralized structures including the teeth and bone consist of highly organized organic–inorganic * Shankargouda Patil [email protected] 1
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, India
2
Oral Pathology Section, Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
3
Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
6
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
8
Professor Emeritus, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
structures formed through a complex but tightly organized process of bio-mineralization [1]. This hierarchically structured process of biological tissue mineralization can be broadly classified into primary mineralization via matrix vesicle-mediated/collagen mineralization and secondary mineralization. Primary mineralization is orchestrated by cells of bone, cartilage, and dentine i.e. osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and odontoblasts, respectively. Mineralization is initiated through the secretion of both collagen and noncollagenous proteins, in addition to the extracellular vesicles. These vesicles are termed as matrix vesicles (MVs) and represent the trigger sites for mineralization. In contrast, secondary mineralization is a phenomenon that is regulated phys
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