School Knowledge in Comparative and Historical Perspective Changing

School curricula are established not only to prepare young people for a real world, but also to beckon an imagined one anchored in individual rights and collective progress. Both worlds—the real and the imagined—increasingly reflect influential trans-nati

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CERC Studies in Comparative Education EDITOR Mark Bray, The University of Hong Kong, China ASSOCIATE EDITORS Mark Mason, The University of Hong Kong, China Anthony Sweeting, The University of Hong Kong, China INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Robert Arnove, Indiana University, USA Beatrice Avalos, Santiago, Chile Nina Borevskaya, Institute of the Far East, Moscow, Russia Michael Crossley, University of Bristol, United Kingdom Gui Qin, Capital Normal University, China Gita Steiner-Khamsi, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA

Comparative Education Research Centre Faculty of Education The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

CERC Studies in Comparative Education 18

School Knowledge in Comparative and Historical Perspective Changing Curricula in Primary and Secondary Education

Edited by

Aaron Benavot and

Cecilia Braslavsky

In Collaboration with

Nhung Truong

Comparative Education Research Centre The University of Hong Kong

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 1-4020-5735-0 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5735-9 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-5736-9 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5736-6 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

COVER Detail from School Girls III, by Thanh Van. Thanh Van was born in Hanoi and graduated from the Hanoi College of Fine Arts in 1994. Captivated by the impressionist style, he spent most of his time as a student exploring the streets of the old quarter in Hanoi, where many artists have found inspiration. He paints colourful, rich canvases of impressionistic scenes from Hanoi's streets. Thanh Van has participated in several exhibitions in Vietnam, and also in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Permission to use the painting has kindly been granted by Jorn Middelborg, Managing Director of the Thavibu Gallery, which exhibited and sold the painting. Thavibu Gallery: www.thavibu.com Suite 308, 3rd Floor, Silom Galleria Building, 919/1 Silom Road, Bangkok 10500, Thailand This volume has been produced with the institutional and financial support of the UNESCO - International Bureau of Education

Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

For Cecilia

Beloved colleague and friend Without whose vision and enthusiasm This book and these scholars Would not have come together

Dedicado a la imborrable memoria de nuestra querida Cecilia, que tanto enriqueció nuestras vidas con su generosidad y amplia sonrisa, su preocupación y acción por mantener los lazos familiares y de amistad, sus inteligentes y profundos comentarios y cons