Screening of Synergetic Catalytic Effects of Salts Dominant in Sewage Sludge on Corn Stalk Derived Hydro and Biochar
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Screening of Synergetic Catalytic Effects of Salts Dominant in Sewage Sludge on Corn Stalk Derived Hydro and Biochar Sebastian Weihrich 1
&
Xianjun Xing 2,3
Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pyrolysis (Pyr) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of corn stalk (CS) catalyzed with sewage sludge salts were investigated as a comparison of two biomass refining processes to produce char. The influence of the following salt-catalysts (SC)- NH4H2PO4, KH2PO4, Na2HPO4, and CaCl2- on the higher heating value (HHV), char yield (CY), energy yield (EY), and energy densification (ED) as well as an elemental analysis (C, H, N, S, O) of the produced chars were determined. Besides, ATR–FTIR spectra were made from the resulting biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC). For each processing method, two temperatures were set: HTC 180/ 210 °C and Pyr 400/500 °C. CS had an HHV of 19 MJ/kg, and the catalyst-free HC and BC came out with 22 MJ/kg. The NH4H2PO4-catalyst demonstrated the maximal efficiency in advancing the HHV for the HTC with 27 MJ/kg (23 MJ/kg for the Pyr), as the Mixed catalysts for the Pyr with 24 MJ/kg, the Pyr-BC increased 2–5 MJ/kg, and the HTC-HC 5–7 MJ/kg. The HC ended up with higher results compared with the BC: HHV 2–3 MJ/kg, CY and EY 5–10%, and ED 0.1–0.2. On the opposite BC marked a higher level of coalification than the HC, the BC came close to that of coal while the HC ranged in the area of peat. Both processing methods were improved by most SC and the Mixed catalysts. Especially the chars of the Mixed SC reached the same carbonization level at lower processing temperature. Keywords Biomass pellets . Non-renewable minerals . Pyrolysis . Hydrothermal carbonization . Van-Krevelen diagram
Introduction A growing world population and their growing demand for energy and finite resources, such as fossil resources as well as the non-renewable minerals, lead researchers to find not only new energy sources but also new ways of recycling and reusing waste-materials to establish an eco-friendly resourcesystem. This would guarantee an energy and resource supply for future generations.
* Sebastian Weihrich [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Automobile and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
3
Institute of Advanced Energy Technology & Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
One energy-source of the future will be biomass (BM); it is nearly boundless regrowing in nature (wood, foliage, seaweed, etc.); also plenty of agricultural side-products (plant residues, animal excrement, etc.) are cheaply available in large quantities [20]. BM easily can be burned, and the released thermal energy is changed into electric energy by a generator. Just burn the BM is not an effective approach to ga
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