Shedding light on the role of keratinocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on skin-homing cells
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Shedding light on the role of keratinocytederived extracellular vesicles on skinhoming cells Golara Nasiri1, Negar Azarpira2* , Aliakbar Alizadeh1, Sanaz Goshtasbi2 and Lobat Tayebi3
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secretory lipid membranes with the ability to regulate cellular functions by exchanging biological components between different cells. Resident skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and inflammatory cells can secrete different types of EVs depending on their biological state. These vesicles can influence the physiological properties and pathological processes of skin, such as pigmentation, cutaneous immunity, and wound healing. Since keratinocytes constitute the majority of skin cells, secreted EVs from these cells may alter the pathophysiological behavior of other skin cells. This paper reviews the contents of keratinocyte-derived EVs and their impact on fibroblasts, melanocytes, and immune cells to provide an insight for better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of skin disorders and their use in related therapeutic approaches. Keywords: Extracellular vesicles, Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts, Melanocytes, Immune cells, Skin
Background The skin is a multilayer tissue organization that covers the whole body and thus is known as the largest organ. Protecting the body against microorganisms and hazardous materials and regulating the rate of dehydration in response to temperature, as well as sense of pressure and pain, are the most important functions of the skin. Various factors—such as environmental stimuli and hormones—influence the structural stability and function of the skin [1]. The structure of the skin is layered, and each layer is made up of various cell types and biomolecules [2]. The first layer, epidermis, provides an environmental barrier to pathogens and controls water loss from the body. The epidermis is composed of diverse cells including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, inflammatory cells, and stem cells [3]. The second layer, * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Street, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
dermis, primarily contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. The last layer, hypodermis, consists mainly of fat and blood vessels and contains the same cells as the dermis. Among different skin cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes have close communication with one another. Keratinocytes establish a tight stratified layer by a highly regulated differentiation process of progenitor cells [4]. Fibroblasts synthesize the extracellular matrix proteins and interfere in inflammatory responses [5]. The intercommunication between keratinocytes and fibroblasts is essential during the mechanism of wound healing. Furthermore, basal keratinocytes are recipient cells for melanin pigment secreted by me
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