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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Silica-clay nanocomposites for the removal of antibiotics in the water usage cycle Clément Levard 1 & Karima Hamdi-Alaoui 1 & Isabelle Baudin 2 & Amélie Guillon 2 & Daniel Borschneck 1 & Andrea Campos 3 & Mohamed Bizi 4 & Florence Benoit 5 & Corinne Chaneac 5 & Jérôme Labille 1 Received: 2 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract The increasingly frequent detection of resistant organic micropollutants in waters calls for better treatment of these molecules that are recognized to be dangerous for human health and the environment. As an alternative to conventional adsorbent material such as activated carbon, silica-clay nanocomposites were synthesized for the removal of pharmaceuticals in contaminated water. Their efficiency with respect to carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole was assessed in model water and real groundwater spiked with the five contaminants. Results showed that the efficacy of contaminant removal depends on the chemical properties of the micropollutants. Among the adsorbents tested, the nanocomposite made of 95% clay and 5% SiO2 NPs was the most efficient and was easily recovered from solution after treatment compared with pure clay, for example. The composite is thus a good candidate in terms of operating costs and environmental sustainability for the removal of organic contaminants. Keywords Micropollutant . Sustainable treatment . Clay nanohybrid . Antibiotics . Water usage cycle

Introduction Antibiotics are massively used in human and veterinary therapeutic applications. Their production and use lead to increasing detection of antibiotics in the environment, especially in Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11076-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Clément Levard [email protected] 1

CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille Univ, Aix-en-Provence, France

2

SUEZ-CIRSEE, 38, rue du président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France

3

CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, Aix Marseille Univ, 13397 Marseille, France

4

BRGM, Water, Environment, Process Development and Analysis Division 3, Avenue C. Guillemin, 45060, Cedex 2 Orleans, France

5

CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France

effluents from wastewater treatment plants, but also in surface water and even groundwater. The presence of these compounds in the water cycle can affect the quality of drinking water. The resistance of some of these compounds to the conventional processes applied in drinking water supply chains has been evidenced in several national surveys. For example, in the United States, a federal survey identified 118 pharmaceutical micropollutants at the outlet of 25 drinking water production plants (Furlong et al. 2017). In this context, it