Slightly Elevated Serum Ionic Fluoride Levels Inhibit Insulin Secretion and Increase Glucose Levels in a General Japanes
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Slightly Elevated Serum Ionic Fluoride Levels Inhibit Insulin Secretion and Increase Glucose Levels in a General Japanese Population: a Cross-sectional Study Kazuyoshi Itai 1 & Toshiyuki Onoda 2 & Masaru Nohara 3 & Toru Kuribayashi 4 & Kozo Tanno 5 & Masaki Ohsawa 6 & Makiko Mori 7 & Akira Okayama 1 Received: 31 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the relationships between serum fluoride levels, glucose levels, and insulin secretion in a general population. A total of 330 healthy subjects (167 men; 163 women) aged between 40 and 69 years were examined. Lifestyle information was obtained using questionnaires. Blood samples were collected in the early morning, and biochemical parameters and glucose indices were measured. Serum ionic fluoride (SIF) levels were assessed using a highly sensitive method. Relationships between glucose indices and SIF levels were investigated using a multiple linear regression analysis. SIF levels positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in both sexes. In women, SIF levels negatively correlated with homeostasis model assessment insulin secretion (HOMA-β) levels. In men, the proportion of regular drinkers negatively correlated with HOMA-β, but not SIF levels. Although SIF levels < 1 μmol/L were associated with reduced insulin secretion and increased FPG levels, the risk of diabetes was not elevated. These results suggest that increased SIF levels caused by a large fluoride intake and compromised renal function combined with poor lifestyle choices elevate the risk of diabetes. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effects of fluoride on glucose metabolism. Keywords Insulin secretion . Fluoride . Glucose . Glucose metabolism . Serum . Serum ionic fluoride
Introduction A large fluoride intake has been associated with high serum ionic fluoride (SIF) levels [1, 2], which may exert adverse effects on hard tissues, resulting in skeletal fluorosis and
mottled teeth [1, 3]. In contrast, an appropriate intake of fluoride results in moderate SIF levels, which exert beneficial effects, such as the prevention of dental caries [4]. In addition to their effects on hard tissues, high SIF levels have been shown to affect insulin and glucose levels in both humans
* Kazuyoshi Itai [email protected]
Akira Okayama [email protected]
Toshiyuki Onoda [email protected]
1
The Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Shinkawa 1-39 4F, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan
Masaru Nohara [email protected]
2
Iwate University Health Care Center, Morioka, Japan
3
Department of Health and Welfare, Iwate Prefectural Government, Morioka, Japan
4
Faculty of Education, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
Kozo Tanno [email protected]
5
Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
Masaki Ohsawa [email protected]
6
Morioka Tsunagi Onsen Hospital, Department o
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