Solvent Assisted Biodiesel Production by Co-processing Beef Tallow and Soybean Oil Over Calcium Catalysts
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Solvent Assisted Biodiesel Production by Co‑processing Beef Tallow and Soybean Oil Over Calcium Catalysts Ana Paula Soares Dias1 · Marta Ramos1,2 · Mónica Catarino1 · Jaime Puna1,2 · João Gomes1,2 Received: 22 July 2019 / Accepted: 25 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Due to sustainability issues, biodiesel must be produced from low-grade fats and the conventional homogeneously-catalyzed processes must be replaced by more efficient and more profitable production processes such as heterogeneous ones. Biodiesel (fatty acids methyl esters, FAME) was produced from a mixture (50 wt%) of soybean oil and non-edible beef tallow over heterogeneous calcium-based catalysts obtained by calcination of scallop shells. In order to improve the catalytic performances, solvent assisted methanolysis was conducted using alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol and isobutanol), acetone, methylcyclohexane, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) with V methanol/Vsolvent = 2.8. Catalytic data revealed that alcohol solvents adsorb competitively with methanol on the catalyst active sites reducing the FAME yield due to their slower alcoholysis rates. Hexane and methylcyclohexane are inadequate for methanolysis reactions since they are immiscible with methanol. THF and acetone are immiscible with the co-produced glycerin, which favors methyl esters formation by displacing the chemical equilibrium towards reaction products. Acetone performs better than THF (FAME yield gain of 14% against 3%) because of its higher miscibility with methanol. THF was the most effective solvent to avoid fat adsorption on the catalyst surface, a key factor for catalyst stability, and to improve the glycerin purity.
* Ana Paula Soares Dias [email protected] 1
LAETA, IDMEC, CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n, 1049‑001 Lisbon, Portugal
ISEL, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959‑007 Lisbon, Portugal
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Waste and Biomass Valorization
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Biodiesel · Sustainability · Low grade fats · Calcium catalyst · Solvents · Glycerin purity
Statement of Novelty Low grade fats can be processed/co-processed with vegetable oils over basic heterogeneous catalysts using solvents. The immiscibility of solvent/glycerin seems to play a chief role.
Introduction The correlation between economic growth and energy consumption is complex [1] but energy, in parallel with water and food, plays a crucial role in human life [2]. With a fast rising of energy consumption around the world (Fig. 1) and an energy mix dominated by coal and oil it is imperative to find renewable and sustainable sources of energy. In a sustainable development low-carbon scenario, renewable energy sources will double their share in the energy mix, up to 40% until 2040 [3].
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Biodiesel, a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty acids, is pointed out as a feasible renewable and low-carbon substitute for fossil diesel in the transport sector [5]. Biodiesel is mainly pro
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