Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soils of Jinan, China
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Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soils of Jinan, China Yulian Sun & Hongkai Zhu
Received: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Contamination by hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in the soil environment is an ongoing concern because of their “specific exemption” on the production and use in China. In this study, spatial distribution, temporal trend, and diastereoisomer profiles of HBCDDs were examined in surface soils collected in Jinan, China. Concentrations of ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γHBCDDs) in soils ranged from 1.70 to 228 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 26.1 ng/g dw. Soils collected from e-waste dismantling sites (mean 146 ng/g dw) contained significantly higher concentrations of ΣHBCDD than those of urban (15.5 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (3.86 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01). The temporal trend suggested that ΣHBCDD levels in the industrial area rose significantly between 2014 and 2019 (p < 0.05), with an annual increase of 12%. An increase in ΣHBCDD levels was also observed in urban and farmland soil samples during the study period, although it did not reach a significant level (p > 0.05). All surface soils were dominated by γ-HBCDD (mean 60.7% of total concentrations); however, the proportions of α-isomer increased from 28.7% in urban and rural soils to 43.4% in industrial soils. The calculated risk quotients of HBCDDs present
Y. Sun Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012 Shandong, China H. Zhu (*) Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA e-mail: [email protected]
in soils were at least 25-fold lower than the threshold limit value. The mean mass inventory of HBCDDs was approximately 2501 kg in the cultivated land of Jinan City; further studies are needed to discern the uptake of HBCDDs by crops and the fate of these chemicals in agricultural ecosystems. Keywords Hexabromocyclododecanes . Surface soil . Temporal trend . Spatial distribution . Diastereoisomer profiles . Risk assessment
Introduction Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) are used as flame retardants in a variety of industrial and commercial applications, such as upholstered furniture, building material (extruded (XPS) and expanded (EPS) polystyrene foams), packaging material, and electrical household equipment (Covaci et al. 2006). The technical product of HBCDDs typically consists of three diastereoisomers, i.e., α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs, with proportions of 10–13%, 1–12%, and 75–89%, respectively (Marvin et al. 2011). HBCDDs are employed as additives, meaning that they are not covalently attached to the host products; therefore, they may readily migrate into the environment. Not surprisingly, HBCDDs are a class of prevalent contaminants in abiotic (e.g., air, dust, sediment, soil, and sludge) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and mammalian species) matrices, even in human tissues (e
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