A pilot study of organophosphate esters in surface soils collected from Jinan City, China: implications for risk assessm
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A pilot study of organophosphate esters in surface soils collected from Jinan City, China: implications for risk assessments Yulian Sun 1 & Hongkai Zhu 2 Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Data monitoring is a prerequisite for the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the soil environment in light of their potential toxicity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence. In this study, we determined the concentrations and profiles of OPEs in surface soils collected from Jinan City, East China. The soil concentrations of ΣOPE (sum of all OPEs) were in the range of 2.55–581 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average value of 106 ng/g dw. Industrial soils (mean: 433 ng/g dw) had significantly higher levels of ΣOPE compared with those in urban (42.1 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (7.89 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01), suggesting that industrial activity is an important source of OPEs to ambient soil environment. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were the most abundant OPEs in industrial soils, contributing 30%, 25%, and 20% of ΣOPE, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that TCIPP, TPHP, and TBOEP in soils derived from respective industrial activities. As compared with other cities within China, the surface soil of Jinan City was mildly contaminated by OPEs, and its human exposure and eco-toxicological risks were found to be negligible. Our study provides current contamination status of OPEs in soils across the multiple functional regions of Jinan, which could be used to support the authorities to make relevant regulations. Keywords Organophosphate esters . Surface soil . Distribution . Profiles . Risk assessments . Jinan City
Introduction Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with a molecular group of central phosphate. They are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of industrial and commercial applications, such as textiles, furniture, electronic equipment, and building materials (van der Veen and De Boer 2012). Worldwide OPE consumption volumes rose sharply from 200,000 to 500,000 t between Responsible editor: Hongwen Sun Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10730-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hongkai Zhu [email protected] 1
Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
2
Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
2004 to 2011 and are forecast to be 1,000,000 t in 2018 (Zhiyan Consulting Group 2018; Yang et al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2016). OPEs are primarily utilized as additives, and they are not firmly bonded with host products, which means they can migrate to the environment
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