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Spatial distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Shanghai, China Chong Chen1 · Tongtong Li1 · Wenbing Zou2 · Songsong Chen1 · Kai Zhang1 · Limin Ma1  Received: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Abstract The concentrations, distribution, influencing factors, and sources of 26 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in surface waters of Shanghai. Surface waters in this study refer to the freshwater that contains particles smaller than 0.45 μm in size. Total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 5.90 to 158.16 ng/L with a mean value of 78.11 ng/L. The OCP concentrations were generally low, but with a few relatively high concentrations at sites in the northern and southern regions of Shanghai. Dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH and oxidation–reduction potential had an important impact on the distribution of OCPs, which showed a significant negative correlation (p  HCHs > Endosufan and Methoxychlor > Propachlor > Heptachlor and DDTs > Dacthal and Chlordane. The contribution of historic residual HCHs in Shanghai’s surface waters was not significantly different from that of atmospheric deposition, and a part of HCB was likely from the degradation of HCHs. DDTs were mainly from historical residues, although some were derived from recent inputs, and the main sources of heptachlors were also the historical residues. However, the recent input and historical residues of aldrins were both noticeable. The fluctuation of OCPs pollution levels and source differences among different intensive land-use types were relatively insignificant (p > 0.05). Keywords  Influencing factor · Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane · Benzene hexachloride · Principal component · Landuse types

1 Introduction Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that exist widely in the environment with high residues and strong bioconcentration [1]. Their chemical properties are very stable, with persistence, liposolubility, toxicity, and bioaccumulation [2]. The use of pesticides in agricultural production has

become a common practice to prevent or reduce losses caused by infectious plant diseases and to improve crop yield and quality [3]. However, most of the applied pesticides escape to the environment through surface runoff, spraying residues, infiltration into or as residues on crops, and can migrate over long distances [4]. OCPs can migrate into a watershed through atmospheric transport, wet and dry deposition, water flow transport,

Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (https​://doi.org/10.1007/s4245​2-020-03507​-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. *  Limin Ma, [email protected] | 1State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China. 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials