Stem Cell Aging and Regenerative Medicine
Stem cells are a promising source for regenerative medicine to cure a plethora of diseases that are currently treated based on either palliative or symptomatic relief or by preventing their onset and progression. Aging-associated degenerative changes in s
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Stem Cell Aging and Regenerative Medicine Debojyoti De, Parimal Karmakar, and Debalina Bhattacharya
Abstract
Keywords
Stem cells are a promising source for regenerative medicine to cure a plethora of diseases that are currently treated based on either palliative or symptomatic relief or by preventing their onset and progression. Aging-associated degenerative changes in stem cells, stem cell niches, and signaling pathways bring a step by step decline in the regenerative and functional potential of tissues. Clinical studies and experiments on model organisms have pointed out checkpoints that aging will inevitably impose on stem cell aiming for transplantation and hence questions are raised about the age of the donor. In the following discourse, we review the fundamental molecular pathways that are implicated in stem cell aging and the current progress in tissue engineering and transplantation of each type of stem cells in regenerative medicine. We further focus on the consequences of stem cell aging on their clinical uses and the development of novel strategies to bypass those pitfalls and improve tissue replenishment.
Aging · Regeneration · Regenerative medicine · Senescence · Stem cells
D. De and P. Karmakar Department of Life science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India D. Bhattacharya (*) Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India e-mail: [email protected]; debalina. [email protected]
Abbreviations ADSC ASC BMSC/ BMDSC CSC DNMT EPC ESC G-CSF GM-CSF GSC GVHD HAT HDAC HIF HSC ICM iPSC ISC LDHA MDSC MSC NAC
Adipose tissue-derived stem cell Adult stem cell Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell Cardiac stem cell DNA methyltransferase Endothelial progenitor cell Embryonic stem cell Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor Germline stem cell Graft versus host disease Histone acetyltransferase Histone deacetylase Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Haematopoietic stem cell Inner cell mass Induced pluripotent stem cell Intestinal stem cell Lactate dehydrogenase A Muscle-derived stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell N-acetylcysteine
D. De et al.
NHEJ NPC NSC PDK PNPase ROS SASP SC SCNT SGZ SSC SVZ TERT UCB
Non-homologous end joining Neural precursor cell Neural stem cell Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Reactive oxygen species Senescence-associated secretory phenotype Stem cell Somatic cell nuclear transfer Subgranular zone Skin stem cell Subventricular zone Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Umbilical cord blood
of them are preferred equally in terms of application in regenerative medicine. Some cells regenerate at a high rate in vivo but fail to develop in vitro whereas some cells do not expand at all (Sharpless and DePinho 2007). Besides developing therapeutics, stem cell research in regenerative medicine can also be utilized in understanding the pathology of diseases by generating innovative tissue and organ models like ‘diseases in a dish’. Thus, they can also d
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