Structural and Functional Organization of Genes That Induce and Suppress Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Plants
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Structural and Functional Organization of Genes That Induce and Suppress Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Plants I. N. Anisimova* Federal Research Center Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, 190000 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received May 4, 2020; revised June 14, 2020; accepted June 17, 2020
Abstract—Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is peculiar to all higher plants; it occurs in natural populations or arises under distant (sexual or somatic) hybridization. CMS and fertility restoration are important speciation characters and also the most valuable for breeding. The main features of structural and functional organization of CMS-associated mitochondrial genes in forms with different sterilizing cytoplasms are considered. The origin of nuclear PPR genes as the most probable candidates associated with pollen fertility restoration trait is discussed; examples of “atypical” Rf genes of some species are given. On the basis of data on studies of diverse CMS-Rf genetic systems, the possibility of parallelism in the variability pattern of genes responsible for sterility and male fertility restoration in plants is shown. Keywords: cytoplasmon, mitochondria, nucleus, genes, orf, RFL-PPR, variability DOI: 10.1134/S1022795420110022
INTRODUCTION Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widespread phenomenon in plants consisting in the maternally inherited inability of a plant to produce normal fertile pollen as a result of microsporogenesis disorders. Phenotypically, CMS can manifest itself in the formation of abortive (nonfunctional) pollen with normally developed anthers, anther abnormalities, and changes in flower morphology. Single descriptions of sterile plant forms were found in the botanical literature as early as the beginning of the 20th century. English geneticists W. Batson and A. Gaidner in 1921 were the first to describe sterility in flax [1]. However, the possibility of maternal transmission of this trait was first proved in experiments on maize by the American geneticist Marcus Rhoades [2]. It should be noted that, regardless of the American researcher, cytoplasmic male sterility in maize was discovered by M.I. Khadzhinov [3]. The first successes of hybrid breeding were demonstrated in maize, since the 1950s, subsequently, CMS has been widely used in the breeding of other agricultural crops (sorghum, rice, sunflower, cruciferous vegetables, and oilseed rape). Hybrid breeding has become part of the green revolution. It significantly expanded the possibilities of using such an important biological phenomenon as heterosis in crop production and stimulated numerous studies in the field of genetics, physiology, cytology, and biotechnology of cultivated plants, including those related to the study of CMS-associated traits. In this review, an attempt is
made to consider modern data on cytoplasmic male sterility in cultivated plants in light of the regularities revealed by N.I. Vavilov about the parallelism of the variability of homologous ch
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