Structural Revolution in International Business Architecture Modelli

Most of the established theories of economics, particularly of international trade, became obsolete in the new world trade and production architecture. How, in these new circumstances, will host nations organize their economic resources? Structural Revolu

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Structural Revolution in International Business Architecture Modelling and Analysis: Volume 1 Dipak Basu Nagasaki University, Japan

Victoria Miroshnik Tsukuba University Graduate School of Management, Tokyo, Japan

© Dipak Basu and Victoria Miroshnik 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-53564-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57340-0 ISBN 978-1-137-53566-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137535665 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

My father Walter, with love Victoria My uncle Nisith Ranjan Mitra, with respect Dipak

Contents List of Tables

viii

List of Figures

x

Preface

xi

Introduction

1

1 The Meaning of Structural Revolution

3

2 Tariff Policy and Employment Structure in the UK

21

3 Structural Reforms in China

50

4 Structural Reforms in India

91

5 Structural Reforms in Nigeria

127

6 Structural Reforms in Egypt

162

References

193

Index

207

vii

List of Tables 1.1

Exports and Gross Domestic Product, 1980–2000

5

1.2

Sub-Saharan Africa: evolution of employment in the formal sector during the early adjustment phase (as percentage of the active population)

6

Informal employment as percentage of labour force (non-agricultural) in early globalization in selected countries in Latin America

6

1.3

1.4

Composition of social sector expenditures (percentage of GDP)

10

1.5

Trends in the selected social