Sub-threshold Design for Ultra Low-Power Systems
Although energy dissipation has improved with each new technology node, because SoCs are integrating tens of million devices on-chip, the energy ex pended per operation has become a critical consideration in digital and ana log integrated circuits. The
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SERIES ON INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Anantha Chandrakasan, Editor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Published books in the series: A Practical Guide for SystemVerilog Assertions Srilcanth Vijayaraghavan and Meyyappan Ramanathan 2005, ISBN 0-387-26049-8 Statistical Analysis and Optimization for VLSI: Timing and Power Ashish Srivastava, Dennis Sylvester and David Blaauw 2005, ISBN 0-387-25738-1 Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies Siva G. Narendra and Anantha Chandrakasan 2005, ISBN 0-387-25737-3 Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Arman Vassighi and Manoj Sachdev 2005, ISBN 0-398-25762-4
Circuits
High Performance Energy Efficient Microprocessor Design Vojin Oklobdzija and Ram Krishnamurthy (Eds.) 2006, ISBN 0-387-28594-6 Abstraction Refinement for Large Scale Model Checking Chao Wang, Gary D. Hachtel and Fabio Somenzi 2006, ISBN 0-387-28594-6
Alice Wang Benton H. Calhoun Anantha P. Chandrakasan
Sub-threshold Design for Ultra Low-Power Systems
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Alice Wang Texas Instruments 12500 TI Boulevard, MS 8723 Dallas, TX 75243 U.S.A. Benton H. Calhoun Massachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Vassar Street, 38-107 Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A. Anantha P. Chandrakasan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 50 Vassar Street, 38-107 Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A
Sub-threshold Voltage Circuit Design for Ultra Low Power Systems
Library of Congress Control Number:
2006925629
ISBN-10: 0-387-33515-3 ISBN-13; 9780387335155
ISBN-10: 0-387-34501-9 (e-book) ISBN-13: 9780387345017 (e-book)
Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science-l-Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in coimection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface
Although energy dissipation has improved with each new technology node, because SoCs are integrating tens of million devices on-chip, the energy expended per operation has become a critical consideration in digital and analog integrated circuits. The focus of this book is sub-threshold circuit design, which involves scaling voltages below the device thresholds. In this region, the energy per operation cair be reduced by an order of magnitude compared to conventional operation but at the cost of circuit performance. In many emerging applications such as self-power
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