Extreme Low-Power Mixed Signal IC Design Subthreshold Source-Coupled
Design exibility and power consumption in addition to the cost, have always been the most important issues in design of integrated circuits (ICs), and are the main concerns of this research, as well. Energy Consumptions: Power dissipation (P ) and energy
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Armin Tajalli
Yusuf Leblebici
Extreme Low-Power Mixed Signal IC Design Subthreshold Source-Coupled Circuits
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Armin Tajalli Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL) Microelectronic Systems Lab. (LSM) Station 11, 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected]
Yusuf Leblebici Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL) Microelectronic Systems Lab. (LSM) Station 11, 1015 Lausanne Switzerland [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-6477-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6478-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6478-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010934294 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my father, Hossein, my mother, Maryam, my wife, Paris, my little daughter, Ayrine and my family: Azin, Ali, and Alaleh. –Armin Tajalli
Contents
1
Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Applications of Widely Adjustable Circuits and Systems .. . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Performance Scalability and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Prior Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Digital Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Analog Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Organization .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2
Subthreshold MOS for Ultra-Low Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 MOS Technology .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Device Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 I–V Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
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